UNION and STATE LEGISLATURE - INDIAN Polity Notes

Karpathu IAS TNPSC Polity Notes

Articles 79–122 (Parliament) • Articles 168–212 (State Legislature)

★ = Frequently asked in TNPSC exams

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PARLIAMENT (UNION LEGISLATURE)

1. Constitutional Framework

Key Item	Detail
Part of Constitution	Part V
Articles	79 to 122
Article 79 ★	Parliament = President + Council of States + House of People
Article 80	Composition of Rajya Sabha
Article 81	Composition of Lok Sabha
Article 82	Readjustment after each census
Hindi names adopted	1954 (Rajya Sabha & Lok Sabha)
Pattern followed	British (President-in-Parliament), not American
Lok Sabha	Lower House / First Chamber / Popular House
Rajya Sabha	Upper House / Second Chamber / House of Elders

 

President's role in Parliament

•    Summons both Houses

•    Prorogues both Houses

•    Addresses both Houses

•    Dissolves the Lok Sabha (on Cabinet's advice)

•    Issues Ordinances when Houses are not in session

★ Important: President is an integral part of Parliament but NOT a member of either House. The President does not sit in Parliament.

2. Lok Sabha vs Rajya Sabha — Composition Comparison ★

Feature	Lok Sabha (Art. 81)	Rajya Sabha (Art. 80)
Maximum strength	552	250
Present strength	543	245
State representation	530 (direct election)	229 (by State Legislative Assemblies)
UT representation	13 (direct)	4 (only Delhi, Puducherry, J&K)
Nominated members	Earlier 2 Anglo-Indian (Art. 331) — ended 2020 by 104th CAA	12 by President (art, literature, science, social service)
Minimum age	25 years	30 years
Term	5 years (Art. 83)	Permanent body — 1/3 retire every 2 years
Member's term	5 years	6 years
Election method	FPTP (Plurality)	Proportional Rep. — Single Transferable Vote
Schedule	—	Schedule 4 — allotment of seats
Subject to dissolution?	Yes — by President	No — permanent chamber

 

★ TN Note: Tamil Nadu sends 39 MPs to Lok Sabha and 18 members to Rajya Sabha.

3. Election Mechanism of Lok Sabha

Territorial Constituencies

•    Each state divided into territorial constituencies for direct elections

•    Population-to-seats ratio uniform across states (states < 6 million exempt)

•    Within a state, ratio of population per constituency is uniform

Readjustment after Census (Art. 82)

•    Delimitation Commission Acts: 1952, 1962, 1972, 2002 (4 times)

•    42nd CAA, 1976: Froze seats at 1971 census level till 2000

•    84th CAA, 2001: Freeze extended till 2026

•    87th CAA, 2003: Delimitation now on 2001 census basis

Reservation for SC and ST ★

•    Originally for 10 years (till 1960); extended every 10 years

•    Currently extended till 2030 by 104th CAA, 2019

•    Elected by all voters — no separate electorate

•    SC/ST candidates can also contest general (non-reserved) seats

4. Voting Systems — FPTP vs Proportional Representation

Feature	FPTP (used in Lok Sabha & Assemblies)	PR — STV (used in Rajya Sabha, Council, President, VP)
Constituency	Small geographical unit	Large geographical area / whole country
Representatives per constituency	One	More than one possible
Voter votes for	Candidate	Party
Seat-vote relationship	Party may get more seats than vote share	Seats proportional to vote share
Examples	UK, India (LS)	Israel, Netherlands

 

5. Membership of the Houses (Article 84)

Qualifications (Constitution + RPA 1951)

•    Citizen of India

•    Take oath/affirmation as per Schedule 3

•    Min. age 30 for Rajya Sabha; 25 for Lok Sabha

•    Registered as elector for a parliamentary constituency

•    If contesting SC/ST reserved seat, must be a member of SC/ST

Minimum Age — Quick Reference ★

Body	Minimum Age
Panchayats and Urban Local Bodies	21 years
Legislative Assembly & Lok Sabha	25 years
Legislative Council & Rajya Sabha	30 years
President & Vice-President	35 years
Governor	35 years

 

Disqualifications (Constitution)

•    Holds office of profit under Union/State (except Minister or exempted office)

•    Of unsound mind (declared by court)

•    Undischarged insolvent

•    Not a citizen of India / acquired foreign citizenship

•    Disqualified under any law made by Parliament

Disqualifications (RPA, 1951)

•    Found guilty of election offences/corrupt practices

•    Convicted with imprisonment of 2+ years

•    Failed to lodge election expenses on time

•    Interest in government contracts/works/services

•    Director or office of profit in 25%+ government-share corporation

•    Dismissed from government service for corruption/disloyalty

•    Convicted for promoting enmity between groups or bribery

•    Punished for social crimes: untouchability, dowry, sati

Anti-Defection — 10th Schedule ★

•    Voluntarily gives up party membership

•    Votes/abstains contrary to party direction

•    Independent member joins a political party

•    Nominated member joins party after 6 months

★ Who decides defection?: Speaker (Lok Sabha) / Chairman (Rajya Sabha) — NOT the President. Subject to judicial review (Kihoto Hollohan case, 1992). Added by 52nd CAA, 1985.

6. Sessions of Parliament (Article 85)

Item	Detail
Maximum gap between sessions	6 months
Sessions per year	3 — Budget (Feb–May), Monsoon (Jul–Sep), Winter (Nov–Dec)
Longest session	Budget Session
Quorum	1/10 of total — Lok Sabha: 55; Rajya Sabha: 25
Summon / Prorogue / Dissolve	President
Adjourn / Adjourn sine die	Presiding Officer
Lame duck session	Last session of outgoing Lok Sabha after new one elected

 

Difference: Adjournment vs Prorogation

Adjournment	Prorogation
Terminates only a sitting	Terminates both sitting and session
Done by Presiding Officer	Done by President of India
Pending business not affected	Pending business not affected, but pending notices lapse

 

7. Presiding Officers ★

Office	Article	Elected By	Resigns To	Removed By
Speaker (LS)	Art. 93	Lok Sabha members	Deputy Speaker	Absolute majority of LS, 14-day notice
Deputy Speaker	Art. 93	Lok Sabha members	Speaker	Absolute majority of LS, 14-day notice
Speaker Pro Tem	Art. 95	Appointed by President	—	Office ceases when new Speaker elected
Chairman RS	Art. 89	Vice-President is ex-officio	President of India	Removed only when removed as VP
Deputy Chairman RS	Art. 89	Rajya Sabha members	Chairman of RS	Effective majority of RS, 14-day notice

 

★ Key Trivia: First Speaker of LS: G.V. Mavalankar. First Deputy Speaker: M.A. Ayyangar. First Indian Speaker (Central LA, 1925): Vithalbhai J. Patel. First Speaker (Central LA, 1921, by GoI Act 1919): Frederick Whyte. Speaker has 7th rank in Order of Precedence (along with CJI).

Special Powers of Speaker (LS) over Chairman (RS)

•    Decides whether a bill is a Money Bill (decision is FINAL)

•    Presides over joint sitting of both Houses

•    Can vote in first instance during own removal motion (Chairman cannot, since he is not RS member)

8. Types of Bills ★

Bill Type	Article	Where Introduced	Special Feature
Ordinary Bill	Art. 107	Either House	RS can detain max 6 months
Money Bill	Art. 110	Lok Sabha only	Only by Minister, on President's recommendation; RS detains max 14 days
Financial Bill (I)	Art. 117(1)	Lok Sabha only	President's recommendation needed
Financial Bill (II)	Art. 117(3)	Either House	President's recommendation at consideration stage
Constitution Amendment	Art. 368	Either House	Special majority; NO joint sitting

 

Money Bill — Matters under Article 110

•    Imposition, abolition, alteration, regulation of any tax

•    Regulation of borrowing of money by Union

•    Custody of Consolidated Fund / Contingency Fund of India

•    Appropriation of money out of Consolidated Fund of India

•    Declaration of expenditure charged on Consolidated Fund

•    Receipt of money on Consolidated Fund / Public Account

•    Audit of accounts of Union or States

★ Critical — Money Bill: Speaker's decision on Money Bill is FINAL. Cannot be challenged in any court, in either House, or by President. President can only assent OR withhold — cannot return for reconsideration.

Ordinary Bill vs Money Bill

Aspect	Ordinary Bill	Money Bill
Introduction	Either House	Lok Sabha only
Introduced by	Minister or private member	Only Minister
President's recommendation	Not required	Required
RS powers	Can amend or reject	Can only recommend; must return in 14 days
Max RS delay	6 months	14 days
Speaker's certification	Not required	Required
Joint sitting possible?	Yes	No (LS overrides anyway)
President's options	Assent / Withhold / Return	Only Assent or Withhold

 

9. Joint Sitting (Article 108) ★

Item	Detail
Summoned by	President
Presided by	Speaker of LS → Dy Speaker → Dy Chairman RS → other (NOT Chairman of RS)
Quorum	1/10 of total members of both Houses
Majority required	Simple (present and voting)
Applicable to	Ordinary bills, Financial bills (I) and (II)
NOT applicable to	Money bills (Art. 110), Constitution Amendment bills (Art. 368)
Total joint sittings till date	3
Joint sittings — examples	1961: Dowry Prohibition Bill | 1978: Banking Services Commission (Repeal) Bill | 2002: Prevention of Terrorism Bill (POTA)

 

10. Budget in Parliament (Article 112) ★

Item	Detail
Constitutional name	Annual Financial Statement (term 'budget' not used in Constitution)
Article	112
Financial year	1 April – 31 March
Annual budgeting started in India	1860
Railway budget separation	1924 (on Ackworth Committee 1921 report)
Railway budget merged	2017
Budget presentation date	1 February (since 2017; earlier last working day of Feb)
Stages in Parliament	(1) Presentation (2) General discussion (3) Departmental committee scrutiny (4) Voting on demands (5) Appropriation Bill (6) Finance Bill

 

Cut Motions — 3 types

Type	Purpose	Reduction
Policy Cut Motion	Disapproves the policy	Demand reduced to ₹1
Economy Cut Motion	Affects economy in expenditure	Reduced by specified amount
Token Cut Motion	Specific grievance	Reduced by ₹100

 

Funds — Articles 266 & 267

Fund	Article	Operation
Consolidated Fund of India	Art. 266	All revenues; needs Parliamentary law
Public Account of India	Art. 266	Other public money; executive action
Contingency Fund of India	Art. 267	At President's disposal; for unforeseen expenditure

 

Charged Expenditure (Non-votable, only discussable)

•    Emoluments and allowances of the President

•    Salaries and allowances of Speaker, Dy. Speaker (LS) and Chairman, Dy. Chairman (RS)

•    Salaries, allowances and pensions of SC judges

•    Pensions of HC judges

•    Salary and pension of CAG

•    Salaries of UPSC chairman and members

•    Debt charges of GoI (interest, sinking fund, redemption)

•    Any judgement/decree/award of any court or arbitral tribunal

•    Any other expenditure declared by Parliament to be so charged

Vote on Account ★

Advance grant by Lok Sabha for normal expenditure pending passage of Appropriation Act. Generally for 2 months, equivalent to 1/6th of total annual estimate.

11. Devices of Parliamentary Proceedings

Device	Year/Origin	Key Feature
Question Hour	Indian Council Act, 1892	First hour of every sitting
Zero Hour	Indian innovation, 1962	NOT in Rules of House
Calling Attention	Indian innovation, 1954	Mentioned in Rules
Adjournment Motion	—	Needs 50 members; only LS; min 2hr 30min discussion
No-Confidence Motion	Rule 198 (LS)	Needs 50 members; only LS; against entire CoM
Censure Motion	—	Reasons must be stated; can target individual minister
Half-an-hour Discussion	—	3 days/week allowed by Speaker
Short Duration Discussion	1953	2-hour discussion; 2 days/week
Special Mention (RS) / Rule 377 (LS)	—	For matters not covered by other devices

 

Types of Questions

Type	Answer	Supplementary?
Starred	Oral	Yes
Unstarred	Written	No
Short Notice	Oral (less than 10 days notice)	Yes

 

12. Types of Majority ★

Majority	Definition	Example
Simple	50%+1 of present and voting	Ordinary bill, Money bill, No-confidence motion, Removal of VP (LS)
Absolute	50%+1 of total membership	—
Effective	50%+1 of (Total – Vacancies)	Removal of Speaker/Dy. Speaker, VP from RS
Special (Art. 249)	2/3 of present and voting	RS resolution for State List
Special (Art. 368)	2/3 of present and voting + >50% of total	Constitution amendment, Removal of SC/HC judges, CEC, CAG
Special (Art. 368) + states	Above + ratification by 1/2 of states	Federal provisions amendment

 

13. Parliamentary Privileges (Articles 105 & 194)

Individual Privileges

•    Cannot be arrested 40 days before, during, and 40 days after session (CIVIL cases only)

•    Freedom of speech in Parliament

•    Exempted from jury service when Parliament is in session

Collective Privileges

•    Right to publish reports, debates, proceedings

•    Right to exclude strangers and hold secret sittings

•    Right to make rules to regulate procedure

•    Right to punish members/outsiders for breach of privilege

•    Right to receive immediate info on arrest, detention, conviction of members

•    Courts cannot inquire into proceedings

•    No arrest within precincts without Presiding Officer's permission

★ Important: 44th CAA 1978 restored press freedom to publish true reports of parliamentary proceedings without prior permission (except secret sittings).

14. Parliamentary Committees ★

Committee	Year	Composition	Notes
Public Accounts Committee	1921 (GoI Act 1919)	22 (15 LS + 7 RS)	Chairman from Opposition since 1967; Term 1 yr
Estimates Committee	1950 (John Mathai)	30 (LS only)	Largest committee; 'continuous economy committee'
Committee on PSUs	1964 (Krishna Menon)	22 (15 LS + 7 RS)	Chairman from LS only
Departmental Standing Committees	1993 (then 17, now 24)	31 each (21 LS + 10 RS)	8 under RS, 16 under LS
Business Advisory Committee	—	LS: 15 (Speaker chairs); RS: 11	—
Rules Committee	—	LS: 15	Speaker is ex-officio chairman
Privileges Committee	—	LS: 15; RS: 10	Cases of breach of privilege
Committee on Women Empowerment	1997	30 (20 LS + 10 RS)	—
Committee on Ethics	RS: 1997; LS: 2000	—	Code of conduct of MPs

 

15. Leaders and Whip

Office	Mentioned in	Note
Leader of the House	Rules of House	PM if LS member; or Minister nominated by PM
Leader of Opposition	Statute (1977 Act)	Party with min 1/10 seats; recognized in 1969
Whip	Convention only (not Constitution / Rules / Statute)	Inherited from British system

 

 

 

STATE LEGISLATURE

1. Constitutional Framework

Item	Detail
Part of Constitution	Part VI
Articles	168 to 212
Bicameral states (6)	Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh
Tamil Nadu	Unicameral — only Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha)
J&K Council abolished	2019 (J&K Reorganisation Act)
Lower House	Legislative Assembly / Vidhan Sabha
Upper House	Legislative Council / Vidhan Parishad

 

★ TN Specific: Tamil Nadu Legislative Council was abolished in 1986. Strength of TN Legislative Assembly: 234 members + 1 nominated. Speaker resigns to Deputy Speaker.

2. Abolition / Creation of Council (Article 169)

•    Legislative Assembly passes resolution by SPECIAL majority

•    Parliament passes the Act by SIMPLE majority

•    Not deemed an amendment under Article 368

3. Legislative Assembly vs Legislative Council ★

Feature	Vidhan Sabha	Vidhan Parishad
Strength	Min 60, Max 500	Min 40, Max 1/3 of Assembly
Election	Direct (FPTP)	5/6 indirect, 1/6 nominated
Min. age	25 years	30 years
Term	5 years	Permanent — 1/3 retire every 2 yrs
Member's term	5 years	6 years
Money bill	Originates here only	Cannot reject/amend; max 14 days delay
Ordinary bill delay	—	Max 4 months (advisory only)
Joint sitting	—	NO joint sitting in States

 

4. Composition of Legislative Council (Article 171) ★

Fraction	Elected By
1/3	Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs)
1/3	Members of local bodies (panchayats, municipalities)
1/12	Graduates of 3+ years standing in the state
1/12	Teachers of 3+ years standing (secondary level and above)
1/6	Nominated by Governor (literature, science, art, social service, co-operative movement)

 

★ Tamil Nadu Min Strength: Constitutional minimum for Assembly = 60. But Goa, Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh = 30 (special); Mizoram = 40; Nagaland = 46.

5. Presiding Officers of State Legislature

Office	Article	Resigns To
Speaker (LA)	Art. 178	Deputy Speaker
Deputy Speaker (LA)	Art. 178	Speaker
Chairman (LC)	Art. 182	Deputy Chairman
Deputy Chairman (LC)	Art. 182	Chairman

 

6. State Legislature Articles — Quick Reference

Article	Subject
168	Constitution of State Legislatures
169	Abolition / Creation of Legislative Council
170	Composition of Legislative Assembly
171	Composition of Legislative Council
172	Duration of State Legislatures
173	Qualification for membership
174	Sessions, prorogation, dissolution
178	Speaker & Deputy Speaker (LA)
182	Chairman & Deputy Chairman (LC)
188	Oath/affirmation by members
194	Powers, privileges of Houses
199	Definition of Money Bill (state)
200	Assent of Governor to bills
201	Bills reserved for President
202	Annual Financial Statement (State Budget)
213	Governor's ordinance power

 

7. Bills in State Legislature

Governor's options on a Bill (Article 200)

•    Give assent → Bill becomes Act

•    Withhold assent

•    Return for reconsideration (if Houses pass again, must give assent)

•    Reserve for the President

President's options (Article 201)

•    Assent

•    Withhold assent

•    Return for reconsideration (within 6 months by Houses)

★ Critical: There is NO provision for joint sitting in State Legislature. The Council is purely advisory; Assembly's will always prevails.

COMPARISON: PARLIAMENT vs STATE LEGISLATURE

Feature	Parliament (Union)	State Legislature
Articles	79–122 (Part V)	168–212 (Part VI)
Houses	Always bicameral	Mostly unicameral (only 6 states bicameral)
Joint sitting	Yes (Art. 108)	NO joint sitting
Money bill — Speaker decides	Decision is FINAL (court cannot question)	Decision is FINAL
Council/RS delay on ordinary bill	Max 6 months	Max 4 months
Council/RS delay on money bill	Max 14 days	Max 14 days
Originating bill rejected by other House	Goes to joint sitting	Bill ends if originating in LC; LA always prevails
Ordinance power	President (Art. 123)	Governor (Art. 213)
Disqualification on defection decided by	Speaker/Chairman	Speaker/Chairman

 

PRACTICE MCQs (25 Questions with Answers)

1. ★ Which Article of the Indian Constitution deals with the composition of the Rajya Sabha?

(a) Article 79

(b) Article 80

(c) Article 81

(d) Article 82

Answer: (b) Article 80

2. ★ The Hindi names 'Rajya Sabha' and 'Lok Sabha' were officially adopted in:

(a) 1950

(b) 1952

(c) 1954

(d) 1956

Answer: (c) 1954

3. ★ Voting age in India was reduced from 21 to 18 by which Constitutional Amendment Act?

(a) 42nd

(b) 44th

(c) 61st

(d) 73rd

Answer: (c) 61st CAA, 1988

4. The maximum strength of Lok Sabha as per the Constitution is:

(a) 543

(b) 545

(c) 550

(d) 552

Answer: (d) 552

5. ★ Who decides whether a bill is a Money Bill or not?

(a) President of India

(b) Speaker of Lok Sabha

(c) Finance Minister

(d) Prime Minister

Answer: (b) Speaker of Lok Sabha

6. ★ The quorum for the Lok Sabha is:

(a) 50 members

(b) 55 members

(c) 60 members

(d) 100 members

Answer: (b) 55 members (1/10 of 550)

7. How many joint sittings of Parliament have been convened since 1950?

(a) 2

(b) 3

(c) 4

(d) 5

Answer: (b) 3 — 1961 (Dowry), 1978 (Banking), 2002 (POTA)

8. ★ The Anti-Defection Law is contained in which Schedule of the Constitution?

(a) 8th Schedule

(b) 9th Schedule

(c) 10th Schedule

(d) 11th Schedule

Answer: (c) 10th Schedule (added by 52nd CAA, 1985)

9. The longest session of Parliament is:

(a) Budget Session

(b) Monsoon Session

(c) Winter Session

(d) Special Session

Answer: (a) Budget Session

10. ★ The first Speaker of the Lok Sabha was:

(a) M.A. Ayyangar

(b) G.V. Mavalankar

(c) Vithalbhai J. Patel

(d) Frederick Whyte

Answer: (b) G.V. Mavalankar

11. Zero Hour, an Indian innovation, was started in:

(a) 1950

(b) 1954

(c) 1962

(d) 1971

Answer: (c) 1962

12. ★ How many states currently have a bicameral legislature?

(a) 5

(b) 6

(c) 7

(d) 8

Answer: (b) 6 — AP, Telangana, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, UP

13. The Public Accounts Committee was first set up under which Act?

(a) GoI Act 1909

(b) GoI Act 1919

(c) GoI Act 1935

(d) Indian Independence Act 1947

Answer: (b) GoI Act 1919 (set up in 1921)

14. ★ Reservation for SC/ST in Lok Sabha and State Assemblies has been extended till:

(a) 2025

(b) 2030

(c) 2035

(d) 2040

Answer: (b) 2030 (104th CAA, 2019)

15. Maximum gap between two sessions of Parliament:

(a) 3 months

(b) 4 months

(c) 6 months

(d) 1 year

Answer: (c) 6 months (Article 85)

16. ★ The Estimates Committee was first constituted in 1950 on the recommendation of:

(a) Krishna Menon

(b) John Mathai

(c) Ackworth

(d) Tej Bahadur Sapru

Answer: (b) John Mathai

17. Which Article empowers the Rajya Sabha to authorise Parliament to make laws on State List?

(a) Article 248

(b) Article 249

(c) Article 250

(d) Article 252

Answer: (b) Article 249

18. ★ Composition of Legislative Council (Art. 171) — graduates' quota is:

(a) 1/3

(b) 1/6

(c) 1/12

(d) 1/4

Answer: (c) 1/12

19. Which Committee Report led to merging of Railway Budget with General Budget in 2017?

(a) Bibek Debroy Committee

(b) Ackworth Committee

(c) Punchhi Commission

(d) Sarkaria Commission

Answer: (a) Bibek Debroy Committee (Railway separation: Ackworth, 1921)

20. ★ The Rajya Sabha can be dissolved by:

(a) President

(b) Lok Sabha resolution

(c) Joint sitting

(d) None — it is a permanent body

Answer: (d) None — it is a permanent body

21. Vote on Account is valid usually for:

(a) 1 month

(b) 2 months

(c) 3 months

(d) 6 months

Answer: (b) 2 months (1/6th of annual estimate)

22. ★ The Speaker of the Lok Sabha holds which rank in the Order of Precedence?

(a) 5th

(b) 6th

(c) 7th

(d) 8th

Answer: (c) 7th (along with Chief Justice of India)

23. The salaries of Speaker and Deputy Speaker are charged on:

(a) Contingency Fund of India

(b) Consolidated Fund of India

(c) Public Account of India

(d) Annual Vote of Parliament

Answer: (b) Consolidated Fund of India

24. ★ A no-confidence motion in the Lok Sabha requires the support of how many members for admission?

(a) 25

(b) 50

(c) 75

(d) 100

Answer: (b) 50 members (Rule 198)

25. ★ Which one is NOT a Cut Motion?

(a) Policy Cut

(b) Economy Cut

(c) Token Cut

(d) Censure Cut

Answer: (d) Censure Cut (only first three are Cut Motions)

QUICK REVISION

Must-remember Numbers

•    Lok Sabha max: 552 | present: 543 | quorum: 55

•    Rajya Sabha max: 250 | present: 245 | quorum: 25

•    Min age — LS/Assembly: 25 | RS/Council: 30

•    Lok Sabha term: 5 yrs | RS member term: 6 yrs (1/3 retire every 2 yrs)

•    Sessions/year: 3 | Max gap: 6 months

•    RS delay — Ordinary bill: 6 months | Money bill: 14 days

•    Joint sittings till date: 3 (1961, 1978, 2002)

•    Bicameral states: 6

•    SC/ST reservation: till 2030 (104th CAA)

•    Speaker's order of precedence: 7th

•    PSU Committee size: 22 | Estimates: 30 | Standing: 31

Year Markers

•    1860: Annual budgeting started in India

•    1892: Question Hour (Indian Council Act)

•    1919: GoI Act → Speaker office, PAC origin

•    1921: First Speaker (Frederick Whyte); PAC set up

•    1924: Railway budget separated (Ackworth, 1921)

•    1925: First Indian Speaker (Vithalbhai Patel)

•    1950: Estimates Committee (John Mathai)

•    1953: Short Duration Discussion

•    1954: Hindi names adopted; Calling Attention Motion

•    1962: Zero Hour started

•    1964: PSU Committee (Krishna Menon)

•    1969: LoP officially recognized

•    1976: 42nd CAA — LS term 6 yrs; freeze seats

•    1978: 44th CAA — restored 5 yrs term

•    1985: 52nd CAA — Anti-Defection Law

•    1988: 61st CAA — voting age 21→18

•    1992: Kihoto Hollohan — defection subject to JR

•    1993: Departmental Standing Committees

•    2001: 84th CAA — seats freeze till 2026

•    2003: 87th CAA — delimitation on 2001 census

•    2017: Railway budget merged; budget date = 1 Feb

•    2019: 104th CAA — SC/ST till 2030, Anglo-Indian ended

•    2019: J&K Council abolished

First-Persons Trivia

•    First Speaker (Central LA, 1921): Frederick Whyte

•    First Indian / first elected Speaker (Central LA, 1925): Vithalbhai J. Patel

•    First Speaker of Lok Sabha: G.V. Mavalankar

•    First Deputy Speaker of LS: M.A. Ayyangar (Ananthasayanam)

•    First Deputy President (Central LA, 1921): Sachidanand Sinha

•    First LS Speaker from Tamil Nadu: M.A. Ayyangar (later)

•    First woman Speaker of LS: Meira Kumar (2009)