BHAGAT SINGH SENSE OF NATIONALISM

Bhagat Singh’s sense of nationalism differ from other stalwarts of the national movement. Discuss. Comment

Model Answer:

Difference between Bhagat Singh and other Freedom Fighters

1) He initially sought revolutionary mass movement against the colonial rule, many other prominent leaders resorted to non-violent struggle under Gandhi at the latter end of the freedom movement.

2) He later resorted to individual act of Revolutionary Terrorism because of rapid change of time and shocked at the death of Lala Lajpat Rai. Though he preferred mass struggle, he wanted to educate the people through his deed. It was considered as "Propaganda by deed".

But other stalwarts believed in long-struggle which involved "S-T-S" (Struggle Truce Struggle).

3) Propagated Anarchism- abolition of state, freedom from obsession of religion, money or other worldly desire. Though seemed quite radical he explained that absence of "state" did not mean absence of "order", but merely absence of chains on the body or control.

4) While Bhagat Singh abjured religion in political affairs and was conscient not to discriminate between his comrades. Other freedom fighters like Tilak, though with best intentions, had resorted to Hindu religious ceremonies for enlisting mass support. This had lead to religious conscience in the masses.

5) Bhagat Singh did not discriminate between his subjects and wrote against overt beliefs in God. Gandhiji being a conservative Hindu upheld religion in political affairs by saying that politics without ethics (religion) is dangerous.

Bhagat singh strand of nationalism was of a progressive one,wherein he wanted a dismantle of all systems which make exploitation of one man by another possible.
He stood for emancipation of a nation from all its social evils emphasising on rationality,secularism and personally adhering to atheism

His nationalism was not confined to preserving territorial integrity but ushering in social revolution.

OBJECTIVES AND MANDATES OF WTO

What are the objectives and mandates of WTO? Challenges lie for India in negotiation? Comment

Model Answer:

The World Trade Organization — the WTO — is the international organization whose primary purpose is to open trade for the benefit of all.

The WTO provides a forum for negotiating agreements aimed at reducing obstacles to international trade and ensuring a level playing field for all, thus contributing to economic growth and development. The WTO also provides a legal and institutional framework for the implementation and monitoring of these agreements, as well as for settling disputes arising from their interpretation and application.

More specifically, the WTO's main activities are:

• negotiating the reduction or elimination of obstacles to trade (import tariffs, other barriers to trade) and agreeing on rules governing the conduct of international trade (e.g. antidumping, subsidies, product standards, etc.)
• administering and monitoring the application of the WTO's agreed rules for trade in goods, trade in services, and trade-related intellectual property rights
• monitoring and reviewing the trade policies of our members, as well as ensuring transparency of regional and bilateral trade agreements
• settling disputes among our members regarding the interpretation and application of the agreements
• building capacity of developing country government officials in international trade matters
• assisting the process of accession of some 30 countries who are not yet members of the organization
• conducting economic research and collecting and disseminating trade data in support of the WTO's other main activities
• explaining to and educating the public about the WTO, its mission and its activities.

Challenges for India:

1) Permanent solution on Public stockholding for food security purposes.
2) Finality on the agricultural special safeguard mechanism.

The SSM is to allow developing nation to temporarily hike tariffs to counter sudden import surges on price falls.

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

What is RCEP? What are the issues in the context of India and suggest measures? Comment

Model Answer:

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is a proposed free trade agreement (FTA) between the ten member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam) and the six states with which ASEAN has existing free trade agreements (Australia, China, India, Japan, South Korea and New Zealand).

1) E- commerce: Placing great limitation on digital policy making by any country in the name of promoting E-commerce.

Problems for India:

• India is still stuck in the IT realities of yesterday.
• India is on a threshold of a digital society.

2) Intellectual property: Monopolies are adopted at this meeting , the repercussion may be permanently damaging for people’s access to affordable medicines like in generic drugs by India.
3) Data exclusivity:Japan and korea demanding the period of no less than 5 years .Data exclusivity creates a barrier to entry for generic producers .India has purposely not adopted it .
4) Procurement policy:pressure to free procurement policy to unlock over 300 billion dollar market by other countries to India. India is not a signatory to the govt procurement agreement within the WTO framework because it wants to retain its policy space to meet its development need through public procurement process.
5) On tariff liberalization:China wants hive level of elimination of duties under it that will lead to surge of Chinese products in the market.

Suggestion:

1) A well articulated and diplomatic policy needed.
2) Need of the understanding of current global situation in the context of domestic growth.

Neo classic school

Discuss the extent to which we can call human relations school as 'neo-classical' School 🏫. (30 Marks/350 Words)    

Model Answer : 

The human relations writer like the scientific management theorists, acknowledge the importance of ‘management’ in production, they differ from them in their basic approach to the organization which they characterize as a Social system consisting of individuals, informal groups and inter-group relationships in addition to the formal structure.

The human relations theory is called the ‘neo-classical theory' because it accept efficiency and productivity as the legitimate values of organization, although it relies on a different set of techniques to achieve these values. Both the classical and human relations theories are alike in their objectives but differ in the approaches adopted to accomplish those objectives. the human relationists seek to maximize the values of efficiency and productivity by eliminating dehumanization approach of the classical approach. The human relations theory differs from the classical theory and Neo-classical theory in the following respects-

Classical Theory :

1) focus on structure, order, the formal organization, economic factor and rationality
2) formal organization structure consisting of jobs and job descriptions as spelled out in the charts and manuals.
3) Takes the atomistic view of man and considers workers as various cogs in a machine.
4) For workers motivation consider economic rewards and physical conditions are regarded as important factors
5) Authoritarian style of supervision

Neo-Classical Theory:

1) Informal group as major explanation of the behaviour in the organization.
2) informal organization concern with social relationships of individual workers within the organization.
3) Consider workers essentially as social beings who react to management, organization and work itself as members of group rather than as individuals
4) Consider Social-psychological rewards and group sanctions are important motivators for work.
5) Democratic type of supervision.

It shows that both approach have taken two views of organizations. Neither of the approaches is wholly right , although each is partially right. In reality , an organization is both a formal structure and informal relations among employees. These two aspects of an organization are not contradictory but allied to each other. Thus in terms of achieving common end objective Human relations school as widens the scope of Classical Theory and can be considered as Neo –Classical.

Guardian of Public Finances

The Comptroller and Auditor- General (CAG) is the guardian of public finances of the Union Government. Explain. Comment

Model Answer:

Article 148 provides for a Comptroller and Auditor- General (CAG) of India who shall be appointed by the President. The CAG is the guardian of public finances of the Union Government.

He enjoys office for a term of six years or till he attains the age of 65 years. The President can remove him from office before the expiry of his term on grounds of proved misbehavior and incapacity.

Functions (Articles 149 to 151) : The main functions of the Comptroller and Auditor- General of India are :

(i) to bring to account the receipts and expenditure of the Union Government (except Railways, Defence Services and other Ministries as their accounts are maintained by the departmental authorities);
(ii) to audit all trading, manufacturing and profit and loss accounts of stores and stocks, where the President may require him to conduct such audit;
(iii) to audit and report on the receipts and expenditure of all bodies substantially financed from the Union or State revenues, Government companies, and other corporations when so required by the laws relating to such corporations

The Constitution ensures the independence of the:

Comptroller and Auditor-General

The independence of the Comptroller and Auditor-General has been sought to be ensured by the following provisions of the Constitution:

(i) the salaries and other expenditure of the Comptroller and Auditor-General and his staff are charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India and are thus non-votable;
(ii) he is not eligible for further employment after his retirement;
(iii) the reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General relating to accounts are submitted to the President who causes them to be laid before the Parliament;
(iv) his salary and service conditions are not to be changed to his disadvantage during his tenure;
(v) though appointed by the President, the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India can be removed from office only by impeachment through the procedure of Parliament.

Reference: 

Comptroller and auditor general of India CAG official website
www.cag.gov.in

INDIAN POLICE SYSTEM

Why Evidence based Policing is gaining credibility? Does it improve Indian police system? Comment

Model Answer:

Why Evidence based Policing is gaining credibility? Does it improve Indian police system?

Evidence based policing is amovement launched in US and UK often refer to success in the area of healthcare to strengthened the case for experiment based law enforcement.

Reason:for the need of it.

1) Improvement in the quality of service provided by the police.( currently there is dissatisfaction among the people)
2) Rudimentary courtesy to the public at police station .
3) Lack of professionalism.
4) Mindless policing to appease the polity is wasteful and misdirected.

Certain rules that is required for Evidence based policing:

1) To infuse some fresh thinking into the twin problems of maintaining public order and combating conventional crime.
2) A controlled experiment will throw up any number of facts that could help sharpen police professionalism.
3) Identification of hot spot of crime and spotting problematic individuals in acommunity.
4) Analysis of events .It goes beyond statistical and pinpoints the time and opportunities presented to a potential offender.
5) Monitoring pattern of behavior of a class of individuals who had come to adverse notice of law enforcement in a logical way.

All for the above reasons and the rules it is very much needed in Indian society.

Oil and Gas companies

Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of integration of Oil and Gas Companies ? Comment

Model Answer:

Benefits:

Better capacities to bear higher risk.
Avail economies of scale.
Create more share holders value.
Make better investment decision and be more competent globally.

Drawbacks:

The idea was first mooted in Atal vihari Vajpayee govt in 1998 but rejected due to apprehension of monopolistic regime.
In 2005, Krishnamurty committee :it would reduce competition and manpower in the oil and gas sector.

Suggestion:

Minimum political interference and liberalization have proven better in creating more shareholders.
Concern of employment generation should be taken care of.
Should focus on better strategy techniques and management practices.

Need to give intro and conclusion.

Notification of NGT on river Ganga

GS Mains Model Question

Discuss the recent notification bring out from National Green Tribunal on Ganga river ? Comment

Model Answer:

Following are the notification:

1) Prohibition: Of dumping of waste within 500 meters of the river.
2) No development Zone: An area of 100 meters from the edge of the Ganga between Haridwar and Unnao has been declared.
3) Compensation:Of Rs 50000will be imposed on anyone dumping waste in the river.
4) Formulation of Guidelines: Ask Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand govt as per the directives by NGT for religious activities on the Ghats of Ganga and its tributaries.
5) Appointment of Supervisory committee: to keep a check on the regulatory measures.
6) All industrial units in the catchment area of the Ganga should be stopped from indiscriminate ground water extraction.

You just need to give better introduction and conclusion

GS Mains Model Question

There is a complaint of female molestation against a man who is the son of a major influential political person and there is pressure also from the party to ignore the case or weaken the case .You are an SP in that region. Comment

Model Answer:

a) What will you do?

• My course of action is to follow the law without being pressurized from anyone.
• Knowing the consequences , I will be prepared to be more cautious with my life and that female protection.
• Select honest and courageous police officers for the investigation.

b) What ethical issue involved if you try to weaken the case?

• Not fulfilling my duty as an SP.
• Playing with the modesty of that particular female who is being molested.
• Encouraging the culprit .
• Removing the fear of law from the mind of the influential people.
• Trust breach of the common people.
• Not being transparent.
• Denying the self-less attitude towards my duty.

GS Model Question and Answer

Describe the impact of casteism upon the Indian electoral system. Comment

Model Answer:

Caste began to play an important role after independence as its involvement in politics increased. The fact that it existed as easily identifiable social cluster of people made it an easy object of political mobilization by political parties in their quest for political support and votes. While the political parties sought to exploit caste for its own electoral purposes, caste groups by making politics their sphere of activity got a chance to assert their identity and bargain for benefits and position in society. Thus, caste and politics interaction has been a two-way process.
In politicizing the castes, the caste associations played a crucial role. Caste associations were quasi-voluntary associations in the sense that its membership was open only to the individuals of the caste community. These associations were formed to secure economic benefits or educational openings or for more clearly political purpose of uniting to fight the hegemony of the upper castes. In either case, involvement in politics was considered necessary for securing the specific purpose for which they were formed. Thus, once formed on the basis of caste identity, caste associations went on to acquire non-caste functions. In electoral politics the role of the caste in politics has become powerful. This can be seen at all levels of the political process of the country. All political parties tend to give party ticket to candidates for contesting elections from amongst the numerically or otherwise dominant caste in every constituency. Major caste groups get representation in the council of ministers. Be it elections, political appointments or even formation of political parties, caste has been the major consideration.

The influence of caste, however, varies depending upon the level of election and the region. Its influence is far more at the local and state-level political process than at the national level. Caste plays greater role in the rural than in urban areas. In the rural areas and at the local level, the smallness of consituency and the fact that there is greater face to face interactions account for the strong influence of caste in politics. Since independence two factors have especially brought the issue of caste in Indian politics into sharp focus. These are
(1) the introduction of universal adult franchise and
(2) the constitutional provisions for protective discrimination in favour of the backward classes.

The introduction of universal adult franchise brought a very large section of the populace, who had been hitherto excluded on account of property qualification to vote, into the arena of electoral politics. This made the task of mobilizing votes enormously difficult for the political parties. The daunting task was, however, made easy when political parties relied upon castes to get their votes. In the process castes’ involvement in politics deepened with every election in India,

In addition to the enlarged arena of electoral politics, the constitutional provisions for protective discrimination also provided the ground for castes to play a significant role in politics.
One may note here that protective discrimination was meant for three categories of people - the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes and the OBC — collectively called as the backward classes. Of these three categories, the SCs and STs were easily identifiable and-there was a large measure of consensus on the need and the desireability of having reservations for them. But the case of the OBCs was different.
Since Independence two types of caste politics can be discerned. The first type involved the caste groups clamouring either for being recognised as OBC by the state governments or those already recognised for getting a higher quota in the reservations. The decision of the State governments to appoint Backward classes Commission from time to time provided the occasion for such caste politics to flourish.
The second type of caste politics, involved mobilization of social and political forces for and against reservations for the OBC based solely on caste criteria. The extent of castes involvement in politics can be appreciated by noting a simple fact that over 50% of the populace belong to the category of the OBCs.

While the first type of caste politics sought to influence the reservation policy of the state government, the second type of caste politics was aimed to resist the reservation policy of the central government.
The reservation issue thus, provided a fertile ground for castes to play an active role in politics.

Public Administration Paper II / Chapter: Public Sector Undertakings

Memorandum of Understanding scheme' between government and public enterprise has forced public undertakings to improve the overall performance. Comment. (25 Marks/300 Words)   Model Answer :    

The Memorandum of Understanding is a tool employed by the Government to give greater autonomy to public sector enterprises while ensuring accountability on their part. It is in the form of a document that entails the intentions, obligations and responsibilities of the two parties in the agreement. Further it aims to exercise a management of PSE’s not based on control, but rather on results and objectives.

In order to achieve this goals an institutional mechanism is in place comprising of a High Powered Committee, Task Force and the MOU division in the Department for Public Enterprises. The MOU division communicates the guidelines for the MOU which entails the basic expectations of the Government and the direction the PSE’s must take. A process of negotiation takes place to integrate the priorities of PSE’s into the MOU document and arrive at objectives on a consensus basis. MOU’s are evaluated twice a year, once based on provisional results and the other time on audit results. The evaluation also provides a review mechanism to change the weights on the different parameters for the future. The companies are graded as Excellent, Very Good, Good, Fair and Poor.

The MOU system has been successful in increasing the efficiency of the Public Sector Enterprises since:

1)It focuses on achievement of results
2)MOU signing PSE’s are given more autonomy in financial and administrative matters making them more effective
3)MOU’s stress on marketing effort thereby making PSE’s more competitive with the private sector
4)The quarterly performance reviews have now become more targeted since they now evaluate performance in alignment with the overall goals set in the MOU. Hence the MOU mechanism keeps a check on the operation of the PSE and ensures its alignments with the goals of the Government.