SAUBHAGYA SCHEME

          The Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana (‘Saubhagya’)

It claims to ensure electrification of all willing households in the country

It makes promises to provide a free electricity connection to all willing BPL households

And to all others on a payment of Rs. 500 (which shall be recovered by the power distribution companies/power departments in 10 instalments along with electricity bills)

Some issues related to this scheme

It expects the poor to pay the bills without providing any subsidy to ease their burden

Even to the best of their abilities the poor would often not be in a position to pay regular electricity bills, which in turn could result in disconnection

The government has conveniently overlooked the fact that for the poor in some States, the inability to pay an electricity bill is a big impediment

This new scheme is just a way of refurbishing the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY)

The DDUGJY scheme of rural electrification launched in July 2015, which aimed to electrify all un-electrified villages by May 2018

Was DDUGJY successful?: Under DDUGJY, the government managed to electrify 14,701 villages while 2,760 villages remain un-electrified; out of these, work is still in progress in a total of 2,611 villages

However, out of the 14,701 villages, only in 8%, i.e. 1,198 villages, do all households have connectivity

The Saubhagya scheme may only be able to plug the gaps and address the issues of entry barrier, last mile connectivity and release of connections

But it can guarantee neither regular electricity supply nor continuation of those connections in case of non-payment

A free electricity connection may provide some relief as far as the financial burden is concerned

However, expecting poor households to bear the recurring burden of bills as per the prevailing tariff of DISCOMs is unimaginable

Issue with the definition of an ‘electrified village’

Even if we take into consideration the fact that so many villages have been “electrified”, the next point of contention is the definition used

According to the definition, a village is considered to be electrified if 10% households have an electricity connection and related basic infrastructure

Furthermore, even in these 10% of households, there is no promise of minimum hours of supply

Regular supply of electricity is not possible in current circumstances

Even if the programme is successful, hypothetically, and all households are provided a connection, there would still be the problem of regular supply

Industry estimates suggest that this scheme would potentially require an additional 28,000 MW and additional energy of about 80,000 million units per annum, which is roughly 7% of India’s current installed power capacity

There is a power shortage even at this moment leading to scheduled and unscheduled load shedding, often up to 10 hours or more

The problem is graver still in interior rural India

The way forward certainly, Saubhagya has some positives such as provision for households outside the reach of grid lines 

However, our contention is that the policy has set a standard for itself without enough focus on its capacity to deliver results

The policy statement echoes the commitment to facilitate economic growth and social development.

BHAGAT SINGH SENSE OF NATIONALISM

Bhagat Singh’s sense of nationalism differ from other stalwarts of the national movement. Discuss. Comment

Model Answer:

Difference between Bhagat Singh and other Freedom Fighters

1) He initially sought revolutionary mass movement against the colonial rule, many other prominent leaders resorted to non-violent struggle under Gandhi at the latter end of the freedom movement.

2) He later resorted to individual act of Revolutionary Terrorism because of rapid change of time and shocked at the death of Lala Lajpat Rai. Though he preferred mass struggle, he wanted to educate the people through his deed. It was considered as "Propaganda by deed".

But other stalwarts believed in long-struggle which involved "S-T-S" (Struggle Truce Struggle).

3) Propagated Anarchism- abolition of state, freedom from obsession of religion, money or other worldly desire. Though seemed quite radical he explained that absence of "state" did not mean absence of "order", but merely absence of chains on the body or control.

4) While Bhagat Singh abjured religion in political affairs and was conscient not to discriminate between his comrades. Other freedom fighters like Tilak, though with best intentions, had resorted to Hindu religious ceremonies for enlisting mass support. This had lead to religious conscience in the masses.

5) Bhagat Singh did not discriminate between his subjects and wrote against overt beliefs in God. Gandhiji being a conservative Hindu upheld religion in political affairs by saying that politics without ethics (religion) is dangerous.

Bhagat singh strand of nationalism was of a progressive one,wherein he wanted a dismantle of all systems which make exploitation of one man by another possible.
He stood for emancipation of a nation from all its social evils emphasising on rationality,secularism and personally adhering to atheism

His nationalism was not confined to preserving territorial integrity but ushering in social revolution.

CROPPING SYSTEM IN INDIA

Explain the types of Cropping Systems. Comment

CROPPING SYSTEM IN INDIA

Model Answer:

          Cropping pattern indicates the proportion of area under different crops at a point of time. Cropping activities go on all the year round in India provided water is available for the crops.
In India, the cropping pattern follows two distinct seasons; Kharif season from July to October and Rabi season from October to March. The crops grown between March to June called zaid.
The crops are grown solo or mixed (mixed-cropping) or in a definite sequence (rotational cropping). The land may be occupied by one crop during one session (mono cropping) or by two crops during one season (double cropping) which may be grown in a year in a sequence. We explain these cropping systems below.

Types of Cropping Systems

(a) Mono-cropping: Mono-cropping or monoculture refers to growing of only one crop on a piece of land year after year. It may be due to climatological and socioeconomic conditions or due to specialization of a farmer in growing a particular crop, e.g., under rainfed conditions, groundnut or cotton or sorghum are grown year after year due to limitation of rainfall. In canal irrigated areas, under waterlogged condition, rice crop is grown as it is not possible to grow any other crop.

(b) Multiple-cropping: Growing two or more crops on the same piece of land in one calendar year is known as multiple-cropping. It is intensification of cropping in time and space dimensions, i.e., more number of crops within a year and more number of crops on the same piece of land at any given period. It includes intercropping, mixed-cropping and sequence cropping. Double-cropping is a case where the land is occupied by two crops, which are grown in a year in sequence.

(c) Inter-cropping: Inter-cropping is growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land with a definite row pattern. For example, growing setaria and redgram in 5:1 ratio.
Thus, cropping intensity in space dimension is achieved. Inter-cropping was originally practiced as an insurance against crop failure under rainfed conditions. At present, the main objective of inter-cropping is higher productivity per unit area in addition to stability in production. Intercropping system utilizes resources efficiently and their productivity is increased.

For successful inter-cropping, there are certain important requirements:

(1) The time of peak nutrient demands of component crops should not overlap.
(2) Competition for light should be minimum among the component crops.
(3) Complementarity should exist between the component crops.
(4) The differences in maturity of component crops should be at least 30 days.
(d) Mixed-cropping: Mixed-cropping is growing of two or more crops simultaneously intermingled without any row pattern. It is a common practice in most of dry land tracts of India. Seeds of different crops are mixed in certain proportion and are sown. The objective is to meet the family requirement of cereals, pulses and vegetables.
(e) Sequence-Cropping: Sequence cropping can be defined as growing of two or more crops in a sequence on the same piece of land in a farming year. Depending on the number of crops grown in a year it is called double, triple or quadruple cropping involving two, three and four crops respectively. In addition to the above systems, relay cropping and ratoon cropping are also in existence. Relay cropping refers to planting of the succeeding crop before harvesting the preceding crops. Ratoon cropping or ratooning refers to raising a crop with re-growth coming out of roots or stalks after harvest of the crop.
(f) Integrated Farming System: Integrated farming system is a holistic method of combining several enterprises like cropping system, diarying, piggery, poultry, fishery, bee-keeping, etc. in a harmonious way so as to complement each other.

The objective is efficient resource utilisation and maximization of profit in such a way so as to cause least damage to soil and environment.

GIST OF KURUKSHETRA ABOUT GST

GOODS AND SERVICES TAX (GST)

Much awaited Goods and Services Tax (GST) is set to be implemented from July L", 2017. It is being lauded as the most important tax reform since 1947. Following is a brief overview of GST:

Salient Features of GST:

(i) The GST would be applicable on the supply of goods or services as against the present concept of tax on the manufacture or sale of goods or provision of services. It would be a destination based consumption tax. This
means that tax would accrue to the State or the Union Territory where the consumption takes place. It would be a dual GST with the Centre and States simultaneously levying tax on a common tax base.

(ii) The GST would apply to all goods other than. alcoholic liquor for human consumption and five petroleum products, viz. petroleum crude, motor spirit (petrol), high speed diesel, natural gas and aviation turbine fuel. It would apply to all services barring a few to be specified. The GST would replace a host of indirect taxes such as - Central Excise Duty, Service Tax, Central Surcharges and Cesses so far as they relate to supply of goods and services, State VAT, Luxury Tax, Purchase Tax etc.

(iii) The list of exempted goods and services would be common for the Centre and the States.

(iv) Threshold Exemption: Taxpayers with an aggregate turnover in a Financial Year up to RS.20 lakhs would be exempted from tax. For eleven Special Category States, like those in the North-East and the hilly States, the exemption threshold shall be Rs. 10 lakhs.

(v) An Integrated tax (IGST) would be levied and collected by the Centre on inter-State supply of goods and services. Accounts would be settled periodically between the Centre and the States to ensure that the SGST/UTGST portion of IGST is transferred to the destination State where the goods or Services are eventually consumed.

(vi) Use of Input Tax Credit (ITC): Taxpayers shall be allowed to take credit of taxes paid on inputs (input tax credit) and utilize the same for payment of output tax.

(vii) Exports and supplies to SEZ shall be treated as zero-rated supplies.

(viii) Import of goods and services would be treated as inter-State supplies and would be subject to IGST in addition to the applicable customs duties. The IGST paid shall be available as ITC for further transactions.

Benefits

1. GST aims to make India a common market with common tax rates and procedures and remove the economic barriers, thus paving the way for an integrated economy at the national level. GST is a win-win situation for all the stakeholders of industry, government and the consumer. It will lower the cost of goods and services, give a boost to the economy and make the products and services globally competitive.

2. GST is largely technology driven. It will reduce the human interface to a great extent and this would lead to speedy decisions. GST will bring more transparency to indirect tax laws.

3. GST will give a major boost to the 'Make in India' initiative of the Government of India by making goods and services produced in India competitive in the National as well as International market.

4. Under the GST regime, exports will be zerorated in entirety unlike the present system, where refund of some taxes may not take place due to fragmented nature of indirect taxes between the Centre and the States. This will boost Indian exports in the international market.

5. GST is expected to bring buoyancy to the Government Revenue by widening the tax base and improving the taxpayer compliance. GST is likely to improve India's ranking in the Ease of Doing Business Index and is estimated to increase the GDP growth by 1.5 to 2 per cent.

6. The taxpayers would not be required to maintain records and show compliance with a myriad of indirect tax laws of the Central and the State Governments. They would only need to maintain records and show compliance in respect of Central GST, State GST and Integrated GST.

Other provisions of GST:

(i) Valuation of goods shall be done on the basis of transaction value i.e. the invoice price, which is the current practice under the Central Excise and Customs Laws. Taxpayers are allowed to issue supplementary or revised invoice in respect of a supply made earlier.

(ii) New modes of payment of tax are being introduced, viz. through credit and debit cards, National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT) and Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS). (iii) E-Commerce companies are required to collect tax at source in relation to any supplies made through their online platforms, under fulfillment model, at the rate notified by the Government.

(iv) An antiprofiteering measure has been incorporated in the GST law to ensure that any benefits on account of reduction in tax rates results in commensurate reduction in prices of such goods/ services.

IT preparedness:

Putting in place a robust IT network is an absolute must for implementation of GST. A Special Purpose Vehicle called the GSTN has been set up to cater to the needs of GST. The functions of the GSTN would, inter alia, include: (i) facilitating registration; (ii) forwarding the returns to Central and State authorities; (iii) computation and settlement of IGST; (iv) matching of tax payment details with banking network; (v) providing various MIS reports to the Central and the State Governments based on the taxpayer return information; (vi) providing analysis of taxpayers' profile; and (vii) running the matching engine for matching, reversal and reclaim of input tax credit. The target date for introduction of GST is 1st July, 2017. The GSTN will also make available standard software for small traders to keep their accounts in that, so that straight away, it can be uploaded as their monthly returns on GSTN website. This will make compliance easier for small traders.

All States/UTs except the State of Jammu & Kashmir, are ready for roll-out of GST with effect from 1st July, 2017

As of 21st June, 2017, all the States and Union Territories (having assemblies), except the State of Jammu & Kashmir, have approved the State Goods and Services Tax (SGST) Act. The State of Kerala issued an Ordinance approving State GST Act while the State of West Bengal had issued an Ordinance in this regard on 15thJune, 2017. Now the only one State that is yet to pass the State GST Act is the State of J&K. Thus, almost the entire country including all the 30 States/UTs are now on board and ready for the smooth roll-out of GST with effect from 1st July, 2017.

HAMA - HINDU ADOPTIONS AND MAINTENANCE ACT

The Ministry of Women and Child Development is set to initiate amendments to the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956 (HAMA) so as to disallow any further adoptions under the personal law and instead bring it under the purview of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015.

Why such a move?

A study that showed that among the adoptable 48,000-odd children across child care institutions, only 2,000 are linked to adoption agencies under JJ Act, half of them are children with special needs.

The Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) presently has a waitlist of more than 17,000 prospective parents.

There cannot be two parallel systems as it makes it very difficult to check instances of child trafficking.

The adoption provisions under HAMA need to be repealed so that adoptions happen only through JJ Act.



THE HINDU ADOPTIONS AND MAINTENANCE ACT, 1956 (HAMA)

HAMA allows couples from Hindu, Buddhist, Jain and Sikh communities to adopt children of parents belonging to these communities through a simple agreement.

Adoptions under HAMA are between two individuals and it is very difficult to monitor cases of misuse, selling or trafficking of children.

The JJ Act states that nothing in this Act shall apply to the adoption of children made under the provisions of the HAMA.

Another recent study, by CARA, showed the extent of unregistered adoptions under HAMA.

For Example-In Delhi less than 50 adoptions were officially registered in a year under HAMA, but 3,200 stamps were sold for the stated purpose of adoption where the deeds were simply notarised.

What is the problem?

As per the adoption regulations of the JJ Act, all child-care institutions were to be registered with CARA within six months of the legislation coming into force in January 2016.

Twenty months later, 10 per cent of the total institutions are both linked to adoption agencies and registered under the Act.

The recent ministry study found that there are 9,400 child-care institutions across the country, over half of which are unregistered.

The ministry will issue an ultimatum to all child-care institutions asking them to register under the JJ Act by December 31, else shut down operations.

This is aligned with May 2017 order by a Supreme Court bench in a case regarding exploitation of children in a Tamil Nadu orphanage that held that all child-care institutions have to be registered under JJ Act by the year end.

Many institutions hold on to the children as their funding agencies give them grants based on the number of children with them.

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OBJECTIVES AND MANDATES OF WTO

What are the objectives and mandates of WTO? Challenges lie for India in negotiation? Comment

Model Answer:

The World Trade Organization — the WTO — is the international organization whose primary purpose is to open trade for the benefit of all.

The WTO provides a forum for negotiating agreements aimed at reducing obstacles to international trade and ensuring a level playing field for all, thus contributing to economic growth and development. The WTO also provides a legal and institutional framework for the implementation and monitoring of these agreements, as well as for settling disputes arising from their interpretation and application.

More specifically, the WTO's main activities are:

• negotiating the reduction or elimination of obstacles to trade (import tariffs, other barriers to trade) and agreeing on rules governing the conduct of international trade (e.g. antidumping, subsidies, product standards, etc.)
• administering and monitoring the application of the WTO's agreed rules for trade in goods, trade in services, and trade-related intellectual property rights
• monitoring and reviewing the trade policies of our members, as well as ensuring transparency of regional and bilateral trade agreements
• settling disputes among our members regarding the interpretation and application of the agreements
• building capacity of developing country government officials in international trade matters
• assisting the process of accession of some 30 countries who are not yet members of the organization
• conducting economic research and collecting and disseminating trade data in support of the WTO's other main activities
• explaining to and educating the public about the WTO, its mission and its activities.

Challenges for India:

1) Permanent solution on Public stockholding for food security purposes.
2) Finality on the agricultural special safeguard mechanism.

The SSM is to allow developing nation to temporarily hike tariffs to counter sudden import surges on price falls.

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

What is RCEP? What are the issues in the context of India and suggest measures? Comment

Model Answer:

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is a proposed free trade agreement (FTA) between the ten member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam) and the six states with which ASEAN has existing free trade agreements (Australia, China, India, Japan, South Korea and New Zealand).

1) E- commerce: Placing great limitation on digital policy making by any country in the name of promoting E-commerce.

Problems for India:

• India is still stuck in the IT realities of yesterday.
• India is on a threshold of a digital society.

2) Intellectual property: Monopolies are adopted at this meeting , the repercussion may be permanently damaging for people’s access to affordable medicines like in generic drugs by India.
3) Data exclusivity:Japan and korea demanding the period of no less than 5 years .Data exclusivity creates a barrier to entry for generic producers .India has purposely not adopted it .
4) Procurement policy:pressure to free procurement policy to unlock over 300 billion dollar market by other countries to India. India is not a signatory to the govt procurement agreement within the WTO framework because it wants to retain its policy space to meet its development need through public procurement process.
5) On tariff liberalization:China wants hive level of elimination of duties under it that will lead to surge of Chinese products in the market.

Suggestion:

1) A well articulated and diplomatic policy needed.
2) Need of the understanding of current global situation in the context of domestic growth.

FOLLET

Question : "Legitimate authority flows from coordination, not coordination from authority (Follet). Comment" (10 Marks/150 Words)
Model Answer : 

To Follet coordination leads to self adjustment which in turn leads to scheme of planning. According to her, coordination , definition of purpose and anticipation are three critical functions of a leader. A leader is the one who derives authority from law of situation. It is this legitimate authority that instills heightened self respect and increases efficiency among subordinate. Follet says that central authority should be replaced by authority of function in which individual has final authority within the allotted functions which defines one’s responsibility also. A leader should have a total clear interrelatedness to exercise authority. Orders without proposition cause resentment and the resultant conflict is not constructive. It hinders circular behaviour and ultimately organisational efficiency has to bear the toll. Thus Follet stresses that legitimate authority flows from coordination and not vice versa. (Total Words- 134)

Neo classic school

Discuss the extent to which we can call human relations school as 'neo-classical' School 🏫. (30 Marks/350 Words)    

Model Answer : 

The human relations writer like the scientific management theorists, acknowledge the importance of ‘management’ in production, they differ from them in their basic approach to the organization which they characterize as a Social system consisting of individuals, informal groups and inter-group relationships in addition to the formal structure.

The human relations theory is called the ‘neo-classical theory' because it accept efficiency and productivity as the legitimate values of organization, although it relies on a different set of techniques to achieve these values. Both the classical and human relations theories are alike in their objectives but differ in the approaches adopted to accomplish those objectives. the human relationists seek to maximize the values of efficiency and productivity by eliminating dehumanization approach of the classical approach. The human relations theory differs from the classical theory and Neo-classical theory in the following respects-

Classical Theory :

1) focus on structure, order, the formal organization, economic factor and rationality
2) formal organization structure consisting of jobs and job descriptions as spelled out in the charts and manuals.
3) Takes the atomistic view of man and considers workers as various cogs in a machine.
4) For workers motivation consider economic rewards and physical conditions are regarded as important factors
5) Authoritarian style of supervision

Neo-Classical Theory:

1) Informal group as major explanation of the behaviour in the organization.
2) informal organization concern with social relationships of individual workers within the organization.
3) Consider workers essentially as social beings who react to management, organization and work itself as members of group rather than as individuals
4) Consider Social-psychological rewards and group sanctions are important motivators for work.
5) Democratic type of supervision.

It shows that both approach have taken two views of organizations. Neither of the approaches is wholly right , although each is partially right. In reality , an organization is both a formal structure and informal relations among employees. These two aspects of an organization are not contradictory but allied to each other. Thus in terms of achieving common end objective Human relations school as widens the scope of Classical Theory and can be considered as Neo –Classical.

GOA PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION

GOA PSC : Advertisment 10/2017, Post of (Professor in Oral Medicine and Radiology,Junior Orthopaedic Surgeon,Assistant Public Prosecutor)

Online applications are invited for the below mentioned posts.

1. Candidates should carefully read the “Instructions” available on Commission’s website before filling the application online.

2. In case of non-availability of suitable candidates with the knowledge of Konkani for the posts in professional colleges, Consultants in Directorate of Health Services and highly technical/scientific posts, the Goa Public Service Commission may recommend a candidate if otherwise found fit and this requirement can be relaxed by the Government, on the recommendation of the Goa Public Service Commission, if the Government is of the opinion that it is necessary or expedient so to do.

3. Prescribed EQs are minimum & mere possession of same does not entitle the candidates to be called for interview. Where number of applications received is large, the Commission will short list the candidates to be called for interview as mentioned in the “Instructions”.

Post Details :

I. GOA DENTAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL

1. Professor in Oral Medicine and Radiology …… 1 post 

II. DIRECTORATE OF HEALTH SERVICES

2. Junior Orthopaedic Surgeon …… 1 post (resvd for OBC)

III. DIRECTORATE OF PROSECUTION

3. Assistant Public Prosecutor …… 5 posts (1 resvd for ST & 1 resvd for CFF)

Educational & Other Qualifications:-

I. GOA DENTAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL

Essential :

1. Professor in Oral Medicine and Radiology 

(i) A qualification included in Part I or Part II of the Schedule to the Dentists Act, 1948 (16 of 1948).

(ii) Post-graduate qualification in Dentistry i.e. M.D.S. from a recognised Institution or equivalent.

(iii) Should be registered with Dental Council.

(iv) 5 years’ teaching experience after the post-graduate qualification as Reader/Assistant Professor of Dentistry in the subject in a recognised Dental College/Medical College with Dental Wing/Dental Institution.

(v) Knowledge of Konkani.

Note 1: Qualifications are relaxable at the discretion of the G.P.S.C in case of candidates otherwise well qualified.

Note 2: The qualification(s) regarding experience is/are relaxable at the discretion of the G.P.S.C in the case of candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes if, at any stage of selection, the G.P.S.C is of the opinion that sufficient number of candidates from these communities possessing the requisite experience are not likely to be available to fill up the vacancies reserved for them.

Desirable: (i) Research work/Publication. (ii) Knowledge of Marathi.

II. DIRECTORATE OF HEALTH SERVICES

2. Junior Orthopaedic Surgeon

Essential:

(i) A recognised Medical qualification included in the First or Second Schedule or Part II of the Third Schedule (other than Licentiate qualification) to the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956 (102 of 1956). Holders of educational qualifications included in Part II of the Third Schedule should also fulfill the conditions stipulated in sub-section (3) of section 13 of the said Indian Medical Council Act, 1956.

(ii) Postgraduate degree, failing which post-graduate diploma, in the speciality concerned.

(iii) In case of Diploma holders, Work in responsible position connected with the speciality concerned for 2 years after post-graduation Diploma.

(iv) Knowledge of Konkani.

Desirable: Knowledge of Marathi.

III. DIRECTORATE OF PROSECUTION

3. Assistant Public Prosecutor

Essential:

(i) A degree in Law from a recognized University or any equivalent qualification.

(ii) Must have practiced as an Advocate for 2 years.

(iii) Knowledge of Konkani.

Desirable: Knowledge of Marathi.

Age :

1. Professor in Oral Medicine and Radiology - Not exceeding 50 years. 

2. Junior Orthopaedic Surgeon - Not exceeding 45 years.  

3. Assistant Public Prosecutor - Not exceeding 45 years.  

Scale of Pay:

1. Professor in Oral Medicine and Radiology - Rs. 37,400-67,000+8700/- (pre-revised) (As per revised pay matrix level 13) 

2. Junior Orthopaedic Surgeon - Rs. 15,600-39,100+5,400/- (pre-revised) (As per revised pay matrix level 10)

3. Assistant Public Prosecutor - Rs. 15,600-39,100+5,400/- (pre-revised) (As per revised pay matrix level 10)

Important Date :

 The last date for filling up the applications is 27.10.2017.

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WATER RESOURCES IN INDIA?

India is running Out of water resources –principally ground water resources at an alarming rate. Analyse the reason and suggest some measures. Comment

Model Answer:

According to a recent study by the American Geophysical union- he upper Ganga basin – home to more than half of India population – could turn out of ground water resources by 2050.

Reasons:

1)Lack of infrastructure: Despite of getting enough rain , unable to trap and conserve it
2)Growing urbanization
3)Mismanagement of civic facilities: Failure of civic admin to deliver water brings private enterprises to step in tanker supply which is tapped from unregulated groundwater sources.
4)The city water utility from farms and deep borewells leading to rising conflicts between urban,peri-urban and rural population.
5)Policies lag behind by decades .The biggest thrust of Govt remain on developing surface irrigation infrastructure despite the known inefficiencies of this system.

Solution:

1)Need to change our focus away from building more inefficient large dams and waste ful irrigation projects and towards conserving rainfall bounty with rainwater harvesting techniques.
2)Need to improve efficiency in agriculture.Micro and drip irrigation with the help of sensor based technology.
3)Need to rationalize water pricing.

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