SAUBHAGYA SCHEME

          The Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana (‘Saubhagya’)

It claims to ensure electrification of all willing households in the country

It makes promises to provide a free electricity connection to all willing BPL households

And to all others on a payment of Rs. 500 (which shall be recovered by the power distribution companies/power departments in 10 instalments along with electricity bills)

Some issues related to this scheme

It expects the poor to pay the bills without providing any subsidy to ease their burden

Even to the best of their abilities the poor would often not be in a position to pay regular electricity bills, which in turn could result in disconnection

The government has conveniently overlooked the fact that for the poor in some States, the inability to pay an electricity bill is a big impediment

This new scheme is just a way of refurbishing the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY)

The DDUGJY scheme of rural electrification launched in July 2015, which aimed to electrify all un-electrified villages by May 2018

Was DDUGJY successful?: Under DDUGJY, the government managed to electrify 14,701 villages while 2,760 villages remain un-electrified; out of these, work is still in progress in a total of 2,611 villages

However, out of the 14,701 villages, only in 8%, i.e. 1,198 villages, do all households have connectivity

The Saubhagya scheme may only be able to plug the gaps and address the issues of entry barrier, last mile connectivity and release of connections

But it can guarantee neither regular electricity supply nor continuation of those connections in case of non-payment

A free electricity connection may provide some relief as far as the financial burden is concerned

However, expecting poor households to bear the recurring burden of bills as per the prevailing tariff of DISCOMs is unimaginable

Issue with the definition of an ‘electrified village’

Even if we take into consideration the fact that so many villages have been “electrified”, the next point of contention is the definition used

According to the definition, a village is considered to be electrified if 10% households have an electricity connection and related basic infrastructure

Furthermore, even in these 10% of households, there is no promise of minimum hours of supply

Regular supply of electricity is not possible in current circumstances

Even if the programme is successful, hypothetically, and all households are provided a connection, there would still be the problem of regular supply

Industry estimates suggest that this scheme would potentially require an additional 28,000 MW and additional energy of about 80,000 million units per annum, which is roughly 7% of India’s current installed power capacity

There is a power shortage even at this moment leading to scheduled and unscheduled load shedding, often up to 10 hours or more

The problem is graver still in interior rural India

The way forward certainly, Saubhagya has some positives such as provision for households outside the reach of grid lines 

However, our contention is that the policy has set a standard for itself without enough focus on its capacity to deliver results

The policy statement echoes the commitment to facilitate economic growth and social development.

BHAGAT SINGH SENSE OF NATIONALISM

Bhagat Singh’s sense of nationalism differ from other stalwarts of the national movement. Discuss. Comment

Model Answer:

Difference between Bhagat Singh and other Freedom Fighters

1) He initially sought revolutionary mass movement against the colonial rule, many other prominent leaders resorted to non-violent struggle under Gandhi at the latter end of the freedom movement.

2) He later resorted to individual act of Revolutionary Terrorism because of rapid change of time and shocked at the death of Lala Lajpat Rai. Though he preferred mass struggle, he wanted to educate the people through his deed. It was considered as "Propaganda by deed".

But other stalwarts believed in long-struggle which involved "S-T-S" (Struggle Truce Struggle).

3) Propagated Anarchism- abolition of state, freedom from obsession of religion, money or other worldly desire. Though seemed quite radical he explained that absence of "state" did not mean absence of "order", but merely absence of chains on the body or control.

4) While Bhagat Singh abjured religion in political affairs and was conscient not to discriminate between his comrades. Other freedom fighters like Tilak, though with best intentions, had resorted to Hindu religious ceremonies for enlisting mass support. This had lead to religious conscience in the masses.

5) Bhagat Singh did not discriminate between his subjects and wrote against overt beliefs in God. Gandhiji being a conservative Hindu upheld religion in political affairs by saying that politics without ethics (religion) is dangerous.

Bhagat singh strand of nationalism was of a progressive one,wherein he wanted a dismantle of all systems which make exploitation of one man by another possible.
He stood for emancipation of a nation from all its social evils emphasising on rationality,secularism and personally adhering to atheism

His nationalism was not confined to preserving territorial integrity but ushering in social revolution.

CROPPING SYSTEM IN INDIA

Explain the types of Cropping Systems. Comment

CROPPING SYSTEM IN INDIA

Model Answer:

          Cropping pattern indicates the proportion of area under different crops at a point of time. Cropping activities go on all the year round in India provided water is available for the crops.
In India, the cropping pattern follows two distinct seasons; Kharif season from July to October and Rabi season from October to March. The crops grown between March to June called zaid.
The crops are grown solo or mixed (mixed-cropping) or in a definite sequence (rotational cropping). The land may be occupied by one crop during one session (mono cropping) or by two crops during one season (double cropping) which may be grown in a year in a sequence. We explain these cropping systems below.

Types of Cropping Systems

(a) Mono-cropping: Mono-cropping or monoculture refers to growing of only one crop on a piece of land year after year. It may be due to climatological and socioeconomic conditions or due to specialization of a farmer in growing a particular crop, e.g., under rainfed conditions, groundnut or cotton or sorghum are grown year after year due to limitation of rainfall. In canal irrigated areas, under waterlogged condition, rice crop is grown as it is not possible to grow any other crop.

(b) Multiple-cropping: Growing two or more crops on the same piece of land in one calendar year is known as multiple-cropping. It is intensification of cropping in time and space dimensions, i.e., more number of crops within a year and more number of crops on the same piece of land at any given period. It includes intercropping, mixed-cropping and sequence cropping. Double-cropping is a case where the land is occupied by two crops, which are grown in a year in sequence.

(c) Inter-cropping: Inter-cropping is growing of two or more crops simultaneously on the same piece of land with a definite row pattern. For example, growing setaria and redgram in 5:1 ratio.
Thus, cropping intensity in space dimension is achieved. Inter-cropping was originally practiced as an insurance against crop failure under rainfed conditions. At present, the main objective of inter-cropping is higher productivity per unit area in addition to stability in production. Intercropping system utilizes resources efficiently and their productivity is increased.

For successful inter-cropping, there are certain important requirements:

(1) The time of peak nutrient demands of component crops should not overlap.
(2) Competition for light should be minimum among the component crops.
(3) Complementarity should exist between the component crops.
(4) The differences in maturity of component crops should be at least 30 days.
(d) Mixed-cropping: Mixed-cropping is growing of two or more crops simultaneously intermingled without any row pattern. It is a common practice in most of dry land tracts of India. Seeds of different crops are mixed in certain proportion and are sown. The objective is to meet the family requirement of cereals, pulses and vegetables.
(e) Sequence-Cropping: Sequence cropping can be defined as growing of two or more crops in a sequence on the same piece of land in a farming year. Depending on the number of crops grown in a year it is called double, triple or quadruple cropping involving two, three and four crops respectively. In addition to the above systems, relay cropping and ratoon cropping are also in existence. Relay cropping refers to planting of the succeeding crop before harvesting the preceding crops. Ratoon cropping or ratooning refers to raising a crop with re-growth coming out of roots or stalks after harvest of the crop.
(f) Integrated Farming System: Integrated farming system is a holistic method of combining several enterprises like cropping system, diarying, piggery, poultry, fishery, bee-keeping, etc. in a harmonious way so as to complement each other.

The objective is efficient resource utilisation and maximization of profit in such a way so as to cause least damage to soil and environment.

GIST OF KURUKSHETRA ABOUT GST

GOODS AND SERVICES TAX (GST)

Much awaited Goods and Services Tax (GST) is set to be implemented from July L", 2017. It is being lauded as the most important tax reform since 1947. Following is a brief overview of GST:

Salient Features of GST:

(i) The GST would be applicable on the supply of goods or services as against the present concept of tax on the manufacture or sale of goods or provision of services. It would be a destination based consumption tax. This
means that tax would accrue to the State or the Union Territory where the consumption takes place. It would be a dual GST with the Centre and States simultaneously levying tax on a common tax base.

(ii) The GST would apply to all goods other than. alcoholic liquor for human consumption and five petroleum products, viz. petroleum crude, motor spirit (petrol), high speed diesel, natural gas and aviation turbine fuel. It would apply to all services barring a few to be specified. The GST would replace a host of indirect taxes such as - Central Excise Duty, Service Tax, Central Surcharges and Cesses so far as they relate to supply of goods and services, State VAT, Luxury Tax, Purchase Tax etc.

(iii) The list of exempted goods and services would be common for the Centre and the States.

(iv) Threshold Exemption: Taxpayers with an aggregate turnover in a Financial Year up to RS.20 lakhs would be exempted from tax. For eleven Special Category States, like those in the North-East and the hilly States, the exemption threshold shall be Rs. 10 lakhs.

(v) An Integrated tax (IGST) would be levied and collected by the Centre on inter-State supply of goods and services. Accounts would be settled periodically between the Centre and the States to ensure that the SGST/UTGST portion of IGST is transferred to the destination State where the goods or Services are eventually consumed.

(vi) Use of Input Tax Credit (ITC): Taxpayers shall be allowed to take credit of taxes paid on inputs (input tax credit) and utilize the same for payment of output tax.

(vii) Exports and supplies to SEZ shall be treated as zero-rated supplies.

(viii) Import of goods and services would be treated as inter-State supplies and would be subject to IGST in addition to the applicable customs duties. The IGST paid shall be available as ITC for further transactions.

Benefits

1. GST aims to make India a common market with common tax rates and procedures and remove the economic barriers, thus paving the way for an integrated economy at the national level. GST is a win-win situation for all the stakeholders of industry, government and the consumer. It will lower the cost of goods and services, give a boost to the economy and make the products and services globally competitive.

2. GST is largely technology driven. It will reduce the human interface to a great extent and this would lead to speedy decisions. GST will bring more transparency to indirect tax laws.

3. GST will give a major boost to the 'Make in India' initiative of the Government of India by making goods and services produced in India competitive in the National as well as International market.

4. Under the GST regime, exports will be zerorated in entirety unlike the present system, where refund of some taxes may not take place due to fragmented nature of indirect taxes between the Centre and the States. This will boost Indian exports in the international market.

5. GST is expected to bring buoyancy to the Government Revenue by widening the tax base and improving the taxpayer compliance. GST is likely to improve India's ranking in the Ease of Doing Business Index and is estimated to increase the GDP growth by 1.5 to 2 per cent.

6. The taxpayers would not be required to maintain records and show compliance with a myriad of indirect tax laws of the Central and the State Governments. They would only need to maintain records and show compliance in respect of Central GST, State GST and Integrated GST.

Other provisions of GST:

(i) Valuation of goods shall be done on the basis of transaction value i.e. the invoice price, which is the current practice under the Central Excise and Customs Laws. Taxpayers are allowed to issue supplementary or revised invoice in respect of a supply made earlier.

(ii) New modes of payment of tax are being introduced, viz. through credit and debit cards, National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT) and Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS). (iii) E-Commerce companies are required to collect tax at source in relation to any supplies made through their online platforms, under fulfillment model, at the rate notified by the Government.

(iv) An antiprofiteering measure has been incorporated in the GST law to ensure that any benefits on account of reduction in tax rates results in commensurate reduction in prices of such goods/ services.

IT preparedness:

Putting in place a robust IT network is an absolute must for implementation of GST. A Special Purpose Vehicle called the GSTN has been set up to cater to the needs of GST. The functions of the GSTN would, inter alia, include: (i) facilitating registration; (ii) forwarding the returns to Central and State authorities; (iii) computation and settlement of IGST; (iv) matching of tax payment details with banking network; (v) providing various MIS reports to the Central and the State Governments based on the taxpayer return information; (vi) providing analysis of taxpayers' profile; and (vii) running the matching engine for matching, reversal and reclaim of input tax credit. The target date for introduction of GST is 1st July, 2017. The GSTN will also make available standard software for small traders to keep their accounts in that, so that straight away, it can be uploaded as their monthly returns on GSTN website. This will make compliance easier for small traders.

All States/UTs except the State of Jammu & Kashmir, are ready for roll-out of GST with effect from 1st July, 2017

As of 21st June, 2017, all the States and Union Territories (having assemblies), except the State of Jammu & Kashmir, have approved the State Goods and Services Tax (SGST) Act. The State of Kerala issued an Ordinance approving State GST Act while the State of West Bengal had issued an Ordinance in this regard on 15thJune, 2017. Now the only one State that is yet to pass the State GST Act is the State of J&K. Thus, almost the entire country including all the 30 States/UTs are now on board and ready for the smooth roll-out of GST with effect from 1st July, 2017.

HAMA - HINDU ADOPTIONS AND MAINTENANCE ACT

The Ministry of Women and Child Development is set to initiate amendments to the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956 (HAMA) so as to disallow any further adoptions under the personal law and instead bring it under the purview of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015.

Why such a move?

A study that showed that among the adoptable 48,000-odd children across child care institutions, only 2,000 are linked to adoption agencies under JJ Act, half of them are children with special needs.

The Central Adoption Resource Authority (CARA) presently has a waitlist of more than 17,000 prospective parents.

There cannot be two parallel systems as it makes it very difficult to check instances of child trafficking.

The adoption provisions under HAMA need to be repealed so that adoptions happen only through JJ Act.



THE HINDU ADOPTIONS AND MAINTENANCE ACT, 1956 (HAMA)

HAMA allows couples from Hindu, Buddhist, Jain and Sikh communities to adopt children of parents belonging to these communities through a simple agreement.

Adoptions under HAMA are between two individuals and it is very difficult to monitor cases of misuse, selling or trafficking of children.

The JJ Act states that nothing in this Act shall apply to the adoption of children made under the provisions of the HAMA.

Another recent study, by CARA, showed the extent of unregistered adoptions under HAMA.

For Example-In Delhi less than 50 adoptions were officially registered in a year under HAMA, but 3,200 stamps were sold for the stated purpose of adoption where the deeds were simply notarised.

What is the problem?

As per the adoption regulations of the JJ Act, all child-care institutions were to be registered with CARA within six months of the legislation coming into force in January 2016.

Twenty months later, 10 per cent of the total institutions are both linked to adoption agencies and registered under the Act.

The recent ministry study found that there are 9,400 child-care institutions across the country, over half of which are unregistered.

The ministry will issue an ultimatum to all child-care institutions asking them to register under the JJ Act by December 31, else shut down operations.

This is aligned with May 2017 order by a Supreme Court bench in a case regarding exploitation of children in a Tamil Nadu orphanage that held that all child-care institutions have to be registered under JJ Act by the year end.

Many institutions hold on to the children as their funding agencies give them grants based on the number of children with them.

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OBJECTIVES AND MANDATES OF WTO

What are the objectives and mandates of WTO? Challenges lie for India in negotiation? Comment

Model Answer:

The World Trade Organization — the WTO — is the international organization whose primary purpose is to open trade for the benefit of all.

The WTO provides a forum for negotiating agreements aimed at reducing obstacles to international trade and ensuring a level playing field for all, thus contributing to economic growth and development. The WTO also provides a legal and institutional framework for the implementation and monitoring of these agreements, as well as for settling disputes arising from their interpretation and application.

More specifically, the WTO's main activities are:

• negotiating the reduction or elimination of obstacles to trade (import tariffs, other barriers to trade) and agreeing on rules governing the conduct of international trade (e.g. antidumping, subsidies, product standards, etc.)
• administering and monitoring the application of the WTO's agreed rules for trade in goods, trade in services, and trade-related intellectual property rights
• monitoring and reviewing the trade policies of our members, as well as ensuring transparency of regional and bilateral trade agreements
• settling disputes among our members regarding the interpretation and application of the agreements
• building capacity of developing country government officials in international trade matters
• assisting the process of accession of some 30 countries who are not yet members of the organization
• conducting economic research and collecting and disseminating trade data in support of the WTO's other main activities
• explaining to and educating the public about the WTO, its mission and its activities.

Challenges for India:

1) Permanent solution on Public stockholding for food security purposes.
2) Finality on the agricultural special safeguard mechanism.

The SSM is to allow developing nation to temporarily hike tariffs to counter sudden import surges on price falls.

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership

What is RCEP? What are the issues in the context of India and suggest measures? Comment

Model Answer:

Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is a proposed free trade agreement (FTA) between the ten member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) (Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam) and the six states with which ASEAN has existing free trade agreements (Australia, China, India, Japan, South Korea and New Zealand).

1) E- commerce: Placing great limitation on digital policy making by any country in the name of promoting E-commerce.

Problems for India:

• India is still stuck in the IT realities of yesterday.
• India is on a threshold of a digital society.

2) Intellectual property: Monopolies are adopted at this meeting , the repercussion may be permanently damaging for people’s access to affordable medicines like in generic drugs by India.
3) Data exclusivity:Japan and korea demanding the period of no less than 5 years .Data exclusivity creates a barrier to entry for generic producers .India has purposely not adopted it .
4) Procurement policy:pressure to free procurement policy to unlock over 300 billion dollar market by other countries to India. India is not a signatory to the govt procurement agreement within the WTO framework because it wants to retain its policy space to meet its development need through public procurement process.
5) On tariff liberalization:China wants hive level of elimination of duties under it that will lead to surge of Chinese products in the market.

Suggestion:

1) A well articulated and diplomatic policy needed.
2) Need of the understanding of current global situation in the context of domestic growth.

FOLLET

Question : "Legitimate authority flows from coordination, not coordination from authority (Follet). Comment" (10 Marks/150 Words)
Model Answer : 

To Follet coordination leads to self adjustment which in turn leads to scheme of planning. According to her, coordination , definition of purpose and anticipation are three critical functions of a leader. A leader is the one who derives authority from law of situation. It is this legitimate authority that instills heightened self respect and increases efficiency among subordinate. Follet says that central authority should be replaced by authority of function in which individual has final authority within the allotted functions which defines one’s responsibility also. A leader should have a total clear interrelatedness to exercise authority. Orders without proposition cause resentment and the resultant conflict is not constructive. It hinders circular behaviour and ultimately organisational efficiency has to bear the toll. Thus Follet stresses that legitimate authority flows from coordination and not vice versa. (Total Words- 134)

Neo classic school

Discuss the extent to which we can call human relations school as 'neo-classical' School 🏫. (30 Marks/350 Words)    

Model Answer : 

The human relations writer like the scientific management theorists, acknowledge the importance of ‘management’ in production, they differ from them in their basic approach to the organization which they characterize as a Social system consisting of individuals, informal groups and inter-group relationships in addition to the formal structure.

The human relations theory is called the ‘neo-classical theory' because it accept efficiency and productivity as the legitimate values of organization, although it relies on a different set of techniques to achieve these values. Both the classical and human relations theories are alike in their objectives but differ in the approaches adopted to accomplish those objectives. the human relationists seek to maximize the values of efficiency and productivity by eliminating dehumanization approach of the classical approach. The human relations theory differs from the classical theory and Neo-classical theory in the following respects-

Classical Theory :

1) focus on structure, order, the formal organization, economic factor and rationality
2) formal organization structure consisting of jobs and job descriptions as spelled out in the charts and manuals.
3) Takes the atomistic view of man and considers workers as various cogs in a machine.
4) For workers motivation consider economic rewards and physical conditions are regarded as important factors
5) Authoritarian style of supervision

Neo-Classical Theory:

1) Informal group as major explanation of the behaviour in the organization.
2) informal organization concern with social relationships of individual workers within the organization.
3) Consider workers essentially as social beings who react to management, organization and work itself as members of group rather than as individuals
4) Consider Social-psychological rewards and group sanctions are important motivators for work.
5) Democratic type of supervision.

It shows that both approach have taken two views of organizations. Neither of the approaches is wholly right , although each is partially right. In reality , an organization is both a formal structure and informal relations among employees. These two aspects of an organization are not contradictory but allied to each other. Thus in terms of achieving common end objective Human relations school as widens the scope of Classical Theory and can be considered as Neo –Classical.

GOA PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION

GOA PSC : Advertisment 10/2017, Post of (Professor in Oral Medicine and Radiology,Junior Orthopaedic Surgeon,Assistant Public Prosecutor)

Online applications are invited for the below mentioned posts.

1. Candidates should carefully read the “Instructions” available on Commission’s website before filling the application online.

2. In case of non-availability of suitable candidates with the knowledge of Konkani for the posts in professional colleges, Consultants in Directorate of Health Services and highly technical/scientific posts, the Goa Public Service Commission may recommend a candidate if otherwise found fit and this requirement can be relaxed by the Government, on the recommendation of the Goa Public Service Commission, if the Government is of the opinion that it is necessary or expedient so to do.

3. Prescribed EQs are minimum & mere possession of same does not entitle the candidates to be called for interview. Where number of applications received is large, the Commission will short list the candidates to be called for interview as mentioned in the “Instructions”.

Post Details :

I. GOA DENTAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL

1. Professor in Oral Medicine and Radiology …… 1 post 

II. DIRECTORATE OF HEALTH SERVICES

2. Junior Orthopaedic Surgeon …… 1 post (resvd for OBC)

III. DIRECTORATE OF PROSECUTION

3. Assistant Public Prosecutor …… 5 posts (1 resvd for ST & 1 resvd for CFF)

Educational & Other Qualifications:-

I. GOA DENTAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL

Essential :

1. Professor in Oral Medicine and Radiology 

(i) A qualification included in Part I or Part II of the Schedule to the Dentists Act, 1948 (16 of 1948).

(ii) Post-graduate qualification in Dentistry i.e. M.D.S. from a recognised Institution or equivalent.

(iii) Should be registered with Dental Council.

(iv) 5 years’ teaching experience after the post-graduate qualification as Reader/Assistant Professor of Dentistry in the subject in a recognised Dental College/Medical College with Dental Wing/Dental Institution.

(v) Knowledge of Konkani.

Note 1: Qualifications are relaxable at the discretion of the G.P.S.C in case of candidates otherwise well qualified.

Note 2: The qualification(s) regarding experience is/are relaxable at the discretion of the G.P.S.C in the case of candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes if, at any stage of selection, the G.P.S.C is of the opinion that sufficient number of candidates from these communities possessing the requisite experience are not likely to be available to fill up the vacancies reserved for them.

Desirable: (i) Research work/Publication. (ii) Knowledge of Marathi.

II. DIRECTORATE OF HEALTH SERVICES

2. Junior Orthopaedic Surgeon

Essential:

(i) A recognised Medical qualification included in the First or Second Schedule or Part II of the Third Schedule (other than Licentiate qualification) to the Indian Medical Council Act, 1956 (102 of 1956). Holders of educational qualifications included in Part II of the Third Schedule should also fulfill the conditions stipulated in sub-section (3) of section 13 of the said Indian Medical Council Act, 1956.

(ii) Postgraduate degree, failing which post-graduate diploma, in the speciality concerned.

(iii) In case of Diploma holders, Work in responsible position connected with the speciality concerned for 2 years after post-graduation Diploma.

(iv) Knowledge of Konkani.

Desirable: Knowledge of Marathi.

III. DIRECTORATE OF PROSECUTION

3. Assistant Public Prosecutor

Essential:

(i) A degree in Law from a recognized University or any equivalent qualification.

(ii) Must have practiced as an Advocate for 2 years.

(iii) Knowledge of Konkani.

Desirable: Knowledge of Marathi.

Age :

1. Professor in Oral Medicine and Radiology - Not exceeding 50 years. 

2. Junior Orthopaedic Surgeon - Not exceeding 45 years.  

3. Assistant Public Prosecutor - Not exceeding 45 years.  

Scale of Pay:

1. Professor in Oral Medicine and Radiology - Rs. 37,400-67,000+8700/- (pre-revised) (As per revised pay matrix level 13) 

2. Junior Orthopaedic Surgeon - Rs. 15,600-39,100+5,400/- (pre-revised) (As per revised pay matrix level 10)

3. Assistant Public Prosecutor - Rs. 15,600-39,100+5,400/- (pre-revised) (As per revised pay matrix level 10)

Important Date :

 The last date for filling up the applications is 27.10.2017.

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WATER RESOURCES IN INDIA?

India is running Out of water resources –principally ground water resources at an alarming rate. Analyse the reason and suggest some measures. Comment

Model Answer:

According to a recent study by the American Geophysical union- he upper Ganga basin – home to more than half of India population – could turn out of ground water resources by 2050.

Reasons:

1)Lack of infrastructure: Despite of getting enough rain , unable to trap and conserve it
2)Growing urbanization
3)Mismanagement of civic facilities: Failure of civic admin to deliver water brings private enterprises to step in tanker supply which is tapped from unregulated groundwater sources.
4)The city water utility from farms and deep borewells leading to rising conflicts between urban,peri-urban and rural population.
5)Policies lag behind by decades .The biggest thrust of Govt remain on developing surface irrigation infrastructure despite the known inefficiencies of this system.

Solution:

1)Need to change our focus away from building more inefficient large dams and waste ful irrigation projects and towards conserving rainfall bounty with rainwater harvesting techniques.
2)Need to improve efficiency in agriculture.Micro and drip irrigation with the help of sensor based technology.
3)Need to rationalize water pricing.

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Guardian of Public Finances

The Comptroller and Auditor- General (CAG) is the guardian of public finances of the Union Government. Explain. Comment

Model Answer:

Article 148 provides for a Comptroller and Auditor- General (CAG) of India who shall be appointed by the President. The CAG is the guardian of public finances of the Union Government.

He enjoys office for a term of six years or till he attains the age of 65 years. The President can remove him from office before the expiry of his term on grounds of proved misbehavior and incapacity.

Functions (Articles 149 to 151) : The main functions of the Comptroller and Auditor- General of India are :

(i) to bring to account the receipts and expenditure of the Union Government (except Railways, Defence Services and other Ministries as their accounts are maintained by the departmental authorities);
(ii) to audit all trading, manufacturing and profit and loss accounts of stores and stocks, where the President may require him to conduct such audit;
(iii) to audit and report on the receipts and expenditure of all bodies substantially financed from the Union or State revenues, Government companies, and other corporations when so required by the laws relating to such corporations

The Constitution ensures the independence of the:

Comptroller and Auditor-General

The independence of the Comptroller and Auditor-General has been sought to be ensured by the following provisions of the Constitution:

(i) the salaries and other expenditure of the Comptroller and Auditor-General and his staff are charged upon the Consolidated Fund of India and are thus non-votable;
(ii) he is not eligible for further employment after his retirement;
(iii) the reports of the Comptroller and Auditor-General relating to accounts are submitted to the President who causes them to be laid before the Parliament;
(iv) his salary and service conditions are not to be changed to his disadvantage during his tenure;
(v) though appointed by the President, the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India can be removed from office only by impeachment through the procedure of Parliament.

Reference: 

Comptroller and auditor general of India CAG official website
www.cag.gov.in

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Parliamentary form of Government

Our founding fathers chosen parliamentary form of Government due to some reason.
Watch the video to know the details about parliamentary system, federal government.

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Reference:
1.Constitution Assembly Debates, volume VII, p.32
2.Constitution Assembly Debates, Volume VII, p.284-5
3.The 42nd and 44th Amendment Acts of 1976 and 1978 respectively have made the ministerial advice binding on the president
4.For this regard, see the section on the 'sovereignty of Parliament' in chapter 22 of M Laxmikanth 

INDIAN POLICE SYSTEM

Why Evidence based Policing is gaining credibility? Does it improve Indian police system? Comment

Model Answer:

Why Evidence based Policing is gaining credibility? Does it improve Indian police system?

Evidence based policing is amovement launched in US and UK often refer to success in the area of healthcare to strengthened the case for experiment based law enforcement.

Reason:for the need of it.

1) Improvement in the quality of service provided by the police.( currently there is dissatisfaction among the people)
2) Rudimentary courtesy to the public at police station .
3) Lack of professionalism.
4) Mindless policing to appease the polity is wasteful and misdirected.

Certain rules that is required for Evidence based policing:

1) To infuse some fresh thinking into the twin problems of maintaining public order and combating conventional crime.
2) A controlled experiment will throw up any number of facts that could help sharpen police professionalism.
3) Identification of hot spot of crime and spotting problematic individuals in acommunity.
4) Analysis of events .It goes beyond statistical and pinpoints the time and opportunities presented to a potential offender.
5) Monitoring pattern of behavior of a class of individuals who had come to adverse notice of law enforcement in a logical way.

All for the above reasons and the rules it is very much needed in Indian society.

Oil and Gas companies

Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of integration of Oil and Gas Companies ? Comment

Model Answer:

Benefits:

Better capacities to bear higher risk.
Avail economies of scale.
Create more share holders value.
Make better investment decision and be more competent globally.

Drawbacks:

The idea was first mooted in Atal vihari Vajpayee govt in 1998 but rejected due to apprehension of monopolistic regime.
In 2005, Krishnamurty committee :it would reduce competition and manpower in the oil and gas sector.

Suggestion:

Minimum political interference and liberalization have proven better in creating more shareholders.
Concern of employment generation should be taken care of.
Should focus on better strategy techniques and management practices.

Need to give intro and conclusion.

LEADER Vs MANAGER

What are the differences between a Leader and a Manager ? (30 Marks/350 Words)    

Model Answer :    

A Manager is a person who is responsible for managing an organization and a leader is someone who control or influence people. Managers and leaders are different in their goals, approaches, target group and ideas. Generally a manager manages a section of skilled worker and resource to accomplish a common goal which is mostly profit oriented in an organization. A manager worked on a set of rules defined in an organization and responsible to his superior. A manager generally works for a business oriented organization. Manager inspires the employee to do the things rightly. Managers are authoritative and more focuses on work to be done.

A leader influence people by his ideology and vision. Leader works for an idea and uses his skills and knowledge to adapt the ideas into reality. A leader is responsible to their followers and peoples. Leader generally does the work which empowers the people and brings a dynamic change which is favourable for the society. Leader motivates the people to do the right things. A leader has the ability to persuade other to seek defined goal enthusiastically.

A popular saying “All leaders are good manager but not all managers are good leaders” because a leader works for the goals but manager works on the goals.

Zaleznik explains the following differences between managers and leaders:

• Managers tend to adopt impersonal and passive attitude towards goals while leaders adopt a more personal and active attitude towards their goals.
• Managers coordinate in order to compromise conflicting values .Leaders develop choices that give substance to people’s imagination.
• Managers visualize themselves as conservators and regulators. Leaders search out for opportunities for change
• Management is more about planning , organizing, directing and controlling the activities of subordinate staff. Leadership is concerned with motivating and involving people.

According to Henry S R Kao the concept of leadership is very broad and applies to formal organisations as well as informal groups. Despite the differences , there is a close relationship between leadership and management in work organisations. To be an effective manager it is necessary to exercise the role of leadership. (Total Words- 350)

Notification of NGT on river Ganga

GS Mains Model Question

Discuss the recent notification bring out from National Green Tribunal on Ganga river ? Comment

Model Answer:

Following are the notification:

1) Prohibition: Of dumping of waste within 500 meters of the river.
2) No development Zone: An area of 100 meters from the edge of the Ganga between Haridwar and Unnao has been declared.
3) Compensation:Of Rs 50000will be imposed on anyone dumping waste in the river.
4) Formulation of Guidelines: Ask Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand govt as per the directives by NGT for religious activities on the Ghats of Ganga and its tributaries.
5) Appointment of Supervisory committee: to keep a check on the regulatory measures.
6) All industrial units in the catchment area of the Ganga should be stopped from indiscriminate ground water extraction.

You just need to give better introduction and conclusion

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PAPER 1

Delegated Legislation is a consequence of intensive form of government and caution needs to be excercised to ensure that it does not degenerate into 'new despotism'. (20 Marks/250 Words)   
Model Answer :    

The challenges of a developing economy have considerably increased the volume of legislative tasks. Many of the modern issue require contingency plans as well as high technical expertise. Thus to address dynamic aspirations of people within minimum time, legislation is delegated to subordinate authority in pursuance of positive authority given by Parliament. However, delegated legislation may have adverse impact also, in case adequate caution is not deployed. It may lead to the possibility of encroachment. The rules made by administrative agencies may consult organized interests only and the unorganized general public is left out of consideration. In some cases, delegation may tend to exclude the control of courts and deprive the citizens of protection by courts. Too flexible rules by administrative agencies may lead to uncertainty and chaos. A situation may arise where citizens find it difficult to avail judicial remedy on account of procedural difficulties , cost and delay involved. Hence the due process and comprehensiveness of delegated legislation is as important as the delegated legislation itself. There are certain safeguards which need to be deployed while delegation of legislation. These include well defined limits of delegated legislation, antecedent publicity and consultation, parliamentary scrutiny and provision of social auditing. With the help of these methods a balance must be stroked so as to ensure that delegated legislation does not degenerate to new despotism. (Total Words- 224)

GS Mains Model Question

There is a complaint of female molestation against a man who is the son of a major influential political person and there is pressure also from the party to ignore the case or weaken the case .You are an SP in that region. Comment

Model Answer:

a) What will you do?

• My course of action is to follow the law without being pressurized from anyone.
• Knowing the consequences , I will be prepared to be more cautious with my life and that female protection.
• Select honest and courageous police officers for the investigation.

b) What ethical issue involved if you try to weaken the case?

• Not fulfilling my duty as an SP.
• Playing with the modesty of that particular female who is being molested.
• Encouraging the culprit .
• Removing the fear of law from the mind of the influential people.
• Trust breach of the common people.
• Not being transparent.
• Denying the self-less attitude towards my duty.

GS Model Question and Answer

Describe the impact of casteism upon the Indian electoral system. Comment

Model Answer:

Caste began to play an important role after independence as its involvement in politics increased. The fact that it existed as easily identifiable social cluster of people made it an easy object of political mobilization by political parties in their quest for political support and votes. While the political parties sought to exploit caste for its own electoral purposes, caste groups by making politics their sphere of activity got a chance to assert their identity and bargain for benefits and position in society. Thus, caste and politics interaction has been a two-way process.
In politicizing the castes, the caste associations played a crucial role. Caste associations were quasi-voluntary associations in the sense that its membership was open only to the individuals of the caste community. These associations were formed to secure economic benefits or educational openings or for more clearly political purpose of uniting to fight the hegemony of the upper castes. In either case, involvement in politics was considered necessary for securing the specific purpose for which they were formed. Thus, once formed on the basis of caste identity, caste associations went on to acquire non-caste functions. In electoral politics the role of the caste in politics has become powerful. This can be seen at all levels of the political process of the country. All political parties tend to give party ticket to candidates for contesting elections from amongst the numerically or otherwise dominant caste in every constituency. Major caste groups get representation in the council of ministers. Be it elections, political appointments or even formation of political parties, caste has been the major consideration.

The influence of caste, however, varies depending upon the level of election and the region. Its influence is far more at the local and state-level political process than at the national level. Caste plays greater role in the rural than in urban areas. In the rural areas and at the local level, the smallness of consituency and the fact that there is greater face to face interactions account for the strong influence of caste in politics. Since independence two factors have especially brought the issue of caste in Indian politics into sharp focus. These are
(1) the introduction of universal adult franchise and
(2) the constitutional provisions for protective discrimination in favour of the backward classes.

The introduction of universal adult franchise brought a very large section of the populace, who had been hitherto excluded on account of property qualification to vote, into the arena of electoral politics. This made the task of mobilizing votes enormously difficult for the political parties. The daunting task was, however, made easy when political parties relied upon castes to get their votes. In the process castes’ involvement in politics deepened with every election in India,

In addition to the enlarged arena of electoral politics, the constitutional provisions for protective discrimination also provided the ground for castes to play a significant role in politics.
One may note here that protective discrimination was meant for three categories of people - the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes and the OBC — collectively called as the backward classes. Of these three categories, the SCs and STs were easily identifiable and-there was a large measure of consensus on the need and the desireability of having reservations for them. But the case of the OBCs was different.
Since Independence two types of caste politics can be discerned. The first type involved the caste groups clamouring either for being recognised as OBC by the state governments or those already recognised for getting a higher quota in the reservations. The decision of the State governments to appoint Backward classes Commission from time to time provided the occasion for such caste politics to flourish.
The second type of caste politics, involved mobilization of social and political forces for and against reservations for the OBC based solely on caste criteria. The extent of castes involvement in politics can be appreciated by noting a simple fact that over 50% of the populace belong to the category of the OBCs.

While the first type of caste politics sought to influence the reservation policy of the state government, the second type of caste politics was aimed to resist the reservation policy of the central government.
The reservation issue thus, provided a fertile ground for castes to play an active role in politics.

Public Administration Paper II / Chapter: Public Sector Undertakings

Memorandum of Understanding scheme' between government and public enterprise has forced public undertakings to improve the overall performance. Comment. (25 Marks/300 Words)   Model Answer :    

The Memorandum of Understanding is a tool employed by the Government to give greater autonomy to public sector enterprises while ensuring accountability on their part. It is in the form of a document that entails the intentions, obligations and responsibilities of the two parties in the agreement. Further it aims to exercise a management of PSE’s not based on control, but rather on results and objectives.

In order to achieve this goals an institutional mechanism is in place comprising of a High Powered Committee, Task Force and the MOU division in the Department for Public Enterprises. The MOU division communicates the guidelines for the MOU which entails the basic expectations of the Government and the direction the PSE’s must take. A process of negotiation takes place to integrate the priorities of PSE’s into the MOU document and arrive at objectives on a consensus basis. MOU’s are evaluated twice a year, once based on provisional results and the other time on audit results. The evaluation also provides a review mechanism to change the weights on the different parameters for the future. The companies are graded as Excellent, Very Good, Good, Fair and Poor.

The MOU system has been successful in increasing the efficiency of the Public Sector Enterprises since:

1)It focuses on achievement of results
2)MOU signing PSE’s are given more autonomy in financial and administrative matters making them more effective
3)MOU’s stress on marketing effort thereby making PSE’s more competitive with the private sector
4)The quarterly performance reviews have now become more targeted since they now evaluate performance in alignment with the overall goals set in the MOU. Hence the MOU mechanism keeps a check on the operation of the PSE and ensures its alignments with the goals of the Government.

WHAT CAN YOU DO?

Working as a District collector in Rajasthan and there is destruction caused by heavy flood which require urgent but careful relief measures Comment

Model Answer:

Working as a District collector in Rajasthan and there is destruction caused by heavy flood which require urgent but careful relief measures .You are asked by some politicians to help them making money out of relief packages . In case if you rejected they threatened you for life.

a) What will you do in this situation ?

Following will my course of action:

Denying the politicians request.

As I am aware of the consequences , I have to be fearless from the politicians .

• I will do my duty to provide relief work as I am duty bound and also morally bound by looking the grievances of the people.
• I will not do any corruption for my long term benefit.
• I will try to persuade the politicians by giving the detail sufferings of the people there .

b) If you do as the politicians say, what ethical issues involved in this?

Ethical issues involved are:

• Duty v\s politician’s verdict
• Fear v\s courage.
• Corruption v\s Sentiments of the sufferings.
• Greed v\s fulfilling my duty.

c) How will you manage the situation?

Ask for police protection as it is a life threatening call from the police.

Direct the police to take action against the politicians.

Center and state govts will be apprised of the situation.

National and local media will be involved.

NATIONAL AFFAIRS

OCTOBER 7th:

Karnataka’s efforts in popularizing millets yield results

• Karnataka’s efforts in popularising millets, which was the staple a couple of generations ago, appears to have yielded results if the indicators of a nationwide study by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) to assess urban nutrition is anything to go by.
• Karnataka is the third highest consumer of millet among 16 States studied, with Maharashtra and Gujarat occupying the first two slots. However, the picture is not very rosy in terms of consumption of other food items.
• Except for intake of pulses and legumes and roots and tubers, where Karnataka’s consumption pattern matches with the Indian Council of Medical Research’s (ICMR) recommended daily intake (RDI), it is far behind the RDI in terms of consumption of green leafy vegetables, milk and milk products and fats and oils.
• For years millets were dismissed as the food of the poor. Now, that attitude is slowly shifting and one of the reasons for this is the growing urban demand for organic and nutritious food.
• The demand is high in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Karnataka. It is the lowest in Bihar, Kerala and Assam.
• Karnataka in also the only State to have included millets such as jowar and ragi in its Public Distribution System since July 2015 in accordance with recommendations in the National Food Security Act, 2013.

Indians consume far less than recommended nutritious food

• A nation-wide study, carried out by the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB) to assess urban nutrition, shows not only a great diversity in food consumption in 16 States in the country, but also that Indians consume far less than the recommended quantum of several micro-nutrients and vital vitamins.
• Andaman and Nicobar Islands reported the highest intake of flesh foods, including meat and fish, while Odisha has the highest consumption of green leafy vegetables (GLV). On an average, while the recommended dietary intake of GLV is 40g/Cu/day, the consumption in the country is 24g/Cu/day.
• Madhya Pradesh has the lowest intake of flesh foods, and Kerala consumes the least green leafy vegetables.
• If Madhya Pradesh has a sweet tooth with the highest intake of sugar and jaggery, Odisha and Assam have the highest intake of salt. Rajasthan is high on the intake of fats and oils as well as milk and milk products.
• The study, led by AvulaLaxmaiah, scientist (Director Grade) from the National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), the country’s premier nutrition research institute, was released recently.
• The researchers used the method of a 24-hour dietary recall to collect food and nutrient information from 1.72 lakh people in 16 States.
• While the average intake of cereals and millets was found to be 320g/Cu/day, which is lower than the recommended dietary intake (RDI), the intake of pulses and legumes was about 42g/Cu/day.
• This is on par with the suggested level of the Indian Council of Medical Research, said Dr. Laxmaiah.

For PPF, KVP Aadhaar is mandatory

• The government has made linking Aadhaar mandatory for the Public Provident Fund, the National Savings Certificate and the KisanVikasPatra schemes.
• In four notifications, the government said subscribers had till December 31 to link their Aadhaar to the schemes.
• Every depositor who has not given his Aadhaar number at the time of application shall submit it to the Post Office Savings Bank or accounts office concerned on or before December 31, the notifications said.
• Provided that where Aadhaar number has not been assigned, the depositor shall submit proof of application of enrolment for Aadhaar.
• The government has already made it mandatory to link Aadhaar to PAN by December 31 and to SIM connections by February 2018. Some 135 schemes, including free cooking gas, kerosene and fertilizer subsidy, targeted public distribution system and MGNREGA, are reportedly to be linked to the biometric identification.

Section 354(5) of Crpc revisited

• The court clarified that it was not questioning the constitutionality of the death penalty, which has been well-settled by the apex court, including in Deena versus Union of India and earlier in the Bachan Singh case reported in 1980.
• The court said Section 354 (5) — which mandates death by hanging — of the Code of Criminal Procedure has already been upheld.
• However, the provision of hanging to death may be re-considered as “the Constitution of India is an organic and compassionate document which recognises the sanctity of flexibility of law as situations change with the flux of time.”
• The fundamental right to life and dignity enshrined under Article 21 of the Constitution also means the right to die with dignity, the court said.
• The order comes on a writ petition filed by Delhi High Court lawyer RishiMalhotra, who sought the court’s intervention to reduce the suffering of condemned prisoners at the time of death.
• Mr. Malhotra said a convict should not be compelled to suffer at the time of termination of his or her life.

Neelakurinji set to cast its spell

• With another gregarious blooming of Neelakurinji ( Strobilantheskunthiana ) expected in July next year, managers of the Eravikulam National Park (ENP) are drawing up plans to meet the rush of visitors.
• The mass flowering of the shrub, found in the shola forests of the Western Ghats, was a crowd-puller in 2006 as over five lakh visitors visited the park during the season.
• The park saw around 5,000 visitors a day, much above the visitor capacity of the region.
• The species flowers once in 12 years and the unusually long cycle adds to its charm.Kunthina is usually found at an altitude of 1,600 metres. Munnar and Eravikulam offer the best view of the mass flowering, though the species can be seen up to the Nilgiri hills.
• In 2006, around 70 sq. km. was draped in the purple-blue flowers. Mass flowering was witnessed at Kambakkallu, Kadavari, and Eravikulam.
• In the grasslands of Eravikulam, the plants reach a height of around 50 cm. They may grow up to a metre before the flowers bloom. The flowers are expected to bloom en masse in July next year.
• The hills and valley of Rajamala will be in a floral wrap during the peak season. The visual treat may continue till September, said a park manager.

TheKudumbasree Missionto conserve indigenous seeds

• After empowering rural women folk in the State, the Kudumbasree Mission is gearing up to script another success story by conserving traditional rice seeds of Wayanad.
• “The project envisages to conserve and propagate seven vanishing indigenous rice seeds, including aromatic rice varieties such as Gandhakasala and Jeerakasala; short-term rice seed Palthondi; medicinal rice varieties such as Chenellu and Rakthashali; and long-term term rice seeds such as Veliyan and Adukkan in the district,” P. Sajitha, coordinator, Kudumbasree Mission, Wayanad, told The Hindu .
• The project has been executed through joint liability groups (JLGs) of the mission. The pilot project has been executed by the mission through the Kairaly JLG and five acres of fallow land at Kenichira under the Poothadigrama panchayat has been utilised for the purpose this season.
• “Bioslurry pellet method is an innovative method of rice cultivation developed by AjiKunnel, a progressive farmer at Ambalavayal in the district, and it will save both time and money as there is no need to prepare a nursery for paddy plants,” said K.P. Jayachandran, assistant coordinator, Kudumbasree Mission, Wayanad.
• The mission is planning to expand the project on 300 acres next year. “We will buy the seeds after harvest from the JLG group at a premium price and disburse it to 300 JLGs in the district next season to promote the seeds,” Mr. Jayachandran said.
• The Kudumbasree State Mission has allotted Rs. 1 lakh for the project and the Agriculture Department would provide an incentive of Rs. 50,000 for the JLG under the HarithaKeralam Mission, he said.

Reopening Gandhiji assassination case

• The Supreme Court appointed an amicus curiae to investigate if it is possible to reopen the Mahatma Gandhi assassination case.
• A Bench led by Justice S.A. Bobde appointed Amarendra Sharan as amicus curiae to go into the legal issues in considering an investigation to find out if there was a “larger conspiracy” behind the Mahatma’s assassination.
• Pankaj KumudchandraPhadnis has filed a petition seeking constitution of a Commission of Inquiry for the investigation. The Bombay High Court had rejected his plea by Mr. Phadnis.
• His petition has sought the expunging of remarks derogatory to Marathi people in general and Veer Savarkar in particular, by the J.L. Kapur Commission, which investigated the assassination.
• The Bombay High Court dismissed the petition on June 6 last year on the ground that the findings were recorded by a competent court and confirmed right up to the apex court and, secondly, the Kapur Commission had submitted its report and made the observations in 1969.

Trends in greenhouse gas emissions have gone up in 2016 in India

• Trends in global CO2 and total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions show that India’s emissions have gone up by 4.7% in 2016, according to the latest report by PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency.
• For most major GHG emitters in the world, the emission figures have gone down, barring India and Indonesia.
• The Dutch strategic agency’s report shows that emissions in the U.S. saw a fall of 2%, the Russian Federation 2.1%, Brazil 6.1%, China 0.3%, and, within the European Union, the United Kingdom 6.4%. The report’s data is based on the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR) produced by the European Union.
• In 2016, the five largest emitting countries and the European Union accounted for 68% of total global CO2 emissions and about 63% of total global GHG emissions. Most of the emissions consist of CO2, about 72%.
• But methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and fluorinated gases (F-gases) also make up substantial shares of 19%, 6% and 3%, respectively. Over the past two years, total global greenhouse gas emissions, excluding those from land use change and forestry, have shown a slowdown in growth, reaching 49.3 gigatonnes CO2 equivalent in 2016.
• Over the past three years, non-CO2 GHG emissions have continued to grow somewhat faster than CO2 emissions: by 1.5% (2014), 1.2% (2015) and 1.0% (2016). CO2 over the same period increased by a respective 0.8%, -0.2% and 0.3%.
• Globally, the combined share of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions is about 28% in total GHG emissions, but it varies for the largest countries: 11% for Japan and 31% for India.
• China’s current share is estimated at 20%, that of the United States and the European Union at 23%, and Russia’s at 25%.
• Emissions do hurt the environment, but then the EDGAR database that this report draws upon only looks at emissions from 1990 onward when the whole world woke up to the problem of climate change. CO2 emissions have a 100-year residence period in the atmosphere. So, if you include the cumulative emissions data from before 1990, every developed nation will outnumber India.
• According to India’s own submission at the United Nations, its cumulative emission is 3 % of the global emission.

SC lifts veil on Collegium recommendations

• In a historic move to usher in transparency, the Supreme Court Collegium, headed by Chief Justice of India Dipak Misra, has resolved to go public with all its recommendations to the government on judicial appointments, transfers and elevations to the High Courts and the Supreme Court.
• The recommendations will be uploaded on the Supreme Court's official website.
• The Collegium will further “indicate” the reasons for which it has decided to recommend or reject names for appointment, transfer or elevation to the High Courts and the Supreme Court.
• As a start, the Supreme Court has already posted online detailed reasons for its October 3, 2017 recommendations for judicial appointments to the Madras HC and the Kerala HC. The details are now available online under the heading “Collegium Resolutions”.
• Shrouded in mystery
• The decision taken by Chief Justice Misra's Collegium to open up is unprecedented. During its entire existence of 24 years — ever since it was introduced in the Second Judges case judgment in 1993 — the Collegium's working has been shrouded in mystery.
• The secretive nature of the functioning of the Collegium continued through the tenures of 20 Chief Justices of India.

Uniqueness of Indian species

Must watchable video to know more about Indian species in Tamil
கண்டிப்பாக பார்க்க வேண்டிய காணொளிக்காட்சி , தவறவிடாதீர்கள்.

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IMPACT OF GST AFTER 90 DAY'S

தொண்ணுறு நாட்களுக்கு பிறகு GST (சரக்கு மற்றும் சேவை வரி)யின்  தாக்கம் பற்றி அறிய இந்த காணொளியை பார்க்க.....

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